Polymer-based oral peptide nanomedicines.

Oral peptide delivery has been one of the major challenges of pharmaceutical sciences as it could lead to a great improvement of classical therapies, such as insulin, alongside making an important number of new therapies feasible. Successful oral delivery needs to fulfill two key tasks: to protect the macromolecules from degradation in the GI tract and to shuttle them across the intestinal epithelium in a safe and efficient fashion. Over the last decade, there have been numerous approaches based on the chemical modification of peptides and on the use of permeation enhancers, enzyme inhibitors and drug-delivery systems. Among the approaches developed to overcome these restrictions, the design of nanocarriers seems to be a particularly promising approach. This article is an overview on the state of the art of oral-peptide formulation strategies, with special attention to insulin delivery and the use of polymeric nanocarriers as delivery systems.