Effects of pole for overhead contact systems of electrified railway on driver's visual ergonomics: a simulation driving study on a semi-physical simulation platform.

The dynamic stroboscopic effects from Overhead Contact System (OCS) poles in extreme alpine environments challenge train drivers' visual ergonomics, yet the interplay of pole design and seasonal conditions remains unquantified. Utilising a semi-physical cab simulator and a mixed-design study with 42 participants, we assessed physiological, eye movement, and operational responses across 12 scenarios. Key findings reveal grey and high-contrast colours elevate risk, particularly in snow; lattice poles stabilise physiological arousal; and green lattice poles maximise comfort. Our analysis further delineates how specific design elements either mitigate or exacerbate visual stress under defined environmental conditions. This research establishes the first quantitative framework for ergonomically optimising OCS pole design, providing actionable and scientifically-grounded principles for enhancing the safety and reliability of plateau railway systems.