Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Evaluating Population Data in Allergy-Immunology.

A population-level study is essential for understanding treatment effects, epidemiologic phenomena, and health care best practices. Evaluating large populations and associated data requires an analytic framework, which is commonly used by statisticians, epidemiologists, and data scientists. This document will serve to provide an overview of these commonly employed methods in allergy and immunology research. We will draw upon recent examples from the allergy-immunology literature to contextualize discrete principles of relevance to population-level analysis that include statistical features of a study population, elements of statistical inference, regression analysis, and an overview of machine learning practices. Our intent is to guide the reader through a practical description of this important quantitative discipline and facilitate greater understanding about data and result display in the medical literature.