SPIB as a context-specific regulator in cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical implications.

SPIB (Spi-B transcription factor), an ETS family transcription factor predominantly expressed in immune cells, plays a critical role in regulating tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Aberrant SPIB expression has been reported across diverse cancers; in some contexts, elevated SPIB promotes tumor progression and drug resistance, whereas in others, reduced SPIB expression is associated with poor patient survival. This review synthesizes current evidence on the dual role of SPIB as both a tumor promoter and suppressor, highlighting its underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways across cancer types. By systematically evaluating SPIB expression patterns and functional roles across different cancer types, this review provides a conceptual framework for future studies exploring the potential clinical relevance of SPIB and may facilitate future translational research.