Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Medical Therapy: Current and on the Horizon.

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a severe vascular obstructive lesion historically associated with poor survival. As outcomes have improved in the current era, PVS has become a chronic disease requiring frequent surgeries, catheter-based interventions, and experimental therapies to prevent progression and recurrence. Despite this, PVS survival remains low and has pushed experimental research into new therapies into the forefront. In this paper, we briefly examine the pathophysiology and etiology of PVS and provide a more comprehensive review of computational and animal modeling of PVS and therapies derived from these studies, both current and on the horizon.