Norms of masculinity: community voices on sexual and reproductive health communication in rural southwestern Uganda.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) communication between parents and children is critical for adolescent well-being but remains limited in many Sub-Saharan African contexts. This study examined how masculinity norms shape SRH communication between parents and boys in rural southwestern Uganda, where such interactions are often constrained by gender socialisation, fear-based approaches, and traditional expectations of masculinity. Using qualitative methods and a community-based participatory research design, data were collected from emerging adults, parents and community stakeholders to identify barriers to effective communication. Findings revealed that while cultural norms emphasised mothers' guidance of daughters on SRH, boys were left to navigate these issues independently. Fathers often avoided discussing SRH, reinforcing self-reliance and emotional restraint that aligned with traditional masculine ideals. Fear-based communication, centred on concerns about pregnancy, HIV and societal shame, further limited boys' openness, pushing them towards secrecy and misinformation from peers and media. This neglect perpetuates sexual risk and creates missed opportunities to challenge harmful norms. By focusing on boys, this study highlights the need for programmes and interventions that address the impact of masculinity norms on SRH communication. Promoting equitable, open dialogue between parents and boys is key to improving adolescent health outcomes and fostering gender-sensitive SRH education.