Challenges of blockchain adoption for manufacturing supply chain to achieve sustainability: A case of rubber industry.

Global market competitiveness and standards are pushing the manufacturing supply chain to adopt sustainable approaches to enhance quality, reduce waste, improve environmental practices, and optimize product costs. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising tool for improving supply chain transparency and manufacturing sustainability. However, various challenges to the mainstream use of blockchain must be identified and addressed. In this regard, the study aims to identify and comprehend the challenges of adopting blockchain technology in the manufacturing sector to improve sustainable standards. To bridge this gap, the study used a three-step procedure. First, through a comprehensive literature review, 19 potential challenges were identified. Then, with the experts' discussion, a total of 18 challenges were finalized. In the second phase, data was collected from 15 professionals with industrial backgrounds. Lastly, the collected data was analyzed using Combined Compromise Solution methodologies and the Fuzzy-Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (fuzzy DEMATEL). This hybrid methodology prioritizes the challenges in blockchain adoption and categorizes them into causal groups. This improves the decision-making process by evaluating how the mutual impact of challenges in blockchain adoption affects achieving sustainability in the manufacturing supply chain. The outcomes of the presented work are validated through a sensitivity analysis of the outranked dimensions of blockchain adoption challenges. Results show that 'High Initial Investment Cost' and 'Lack of Digital Skills' are the top challenges in its adoption. The findings of this work provide a roadmap to make the manufacturing supply chain sustainable and accomplish sustainability.