30 years in service, 1996-2026: Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO).

Introduction

The prevention, early diagnosis, effective empirical or pre-emptive antimicrobial treatment of infections have become essential cornerstones in the management of patients with hematological malignancies. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly in advanced age, improvement of morbidity and of prognosis has largely been achieved by better antifungal strategies, besides more effective antiemetic prophylaxis and platelet transfusions [ 1 ]. Along with highly effective antimicrobial agents used for prophylaxis and interventional treatment, increasing rates of multi-resistance, e.g., to broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs such as carbapenems and to triazole antifungals, has called to action among hematologists, oncologists, hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) experts, infectious disease (ID) and infection control experts, so that antimicrobial stewardship and effective multi-disciplinary co-operation have become of paramount importance [ 2 , 3 ].

However, the increasing diversity of cancer treatment approaches, using immunotherapies aiming at T-cell activation as well as multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies including bispecific T-cell engagers and combination therapies, as well as the introduction of new concepts for allogeneic HCT and graft- versus -host management, have resulted in a much broader diversity of immunosuppression than historically known. The integration of ID into clinical hematology and HCT have emerged as an essential demand [ 4 ]. The knowledge of infectious complications associated with different types of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapy has led to a broad range of specific, evidence-based clinical guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party (“Arbeitsgemeinschaft Infektionen in der Hämatologie und Onkologie [AGIHO]”) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) and other societies, which are updated on a regular basis and have become part of daily clinical practice [ 5 , 6 ].

Founding history

After successful multicenter studies on antimicrobial therapy in patients with acute leukemia by the Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy (“Paul Ehrlich Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie [PEG]”), two of the principal investigators, Wolfgang Hiddemann and Georg Maschmeyer, decided using this momentum to establish a standardized strategy for antimicrobial management in patients with AML undergoing intensive induction therapy. With the help of Xaver Schiel, a series of workshops was initiated using the German AML Cooperative Group (AMLCG) as cooperative partner. Several guidelines were developed and clinically applied. In 1996, the DGHO accepted an antimicrobial working group as an official organ of the DGHO and the AGIHO was established, and Wolfgang Hiddemann and Georg Maschmeyer were elected as founding chairmen. Since then, the AGIHO has published evidence-based guidelines for prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of infections in patients with hematological or oncological diseases and HCT recipients.

Since its inception, the ID Working Party reached out to Austria and Switzerland strengthening the D-A-CH (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) perspective and increasing applicability of AGIHO recommendations across different healthcare systems. By connecting Austrian and Swiss centers within AGIHO initiatives, consensus building and harmonization, cross-border knowledge transfer was measurably enhanced. Apart from hematology, oncology, and HCT experts, AGIHO members represent adult and pediatric clinical ID, microbiology, virology, intensive care, and radiology allowing pragmatic, clinically oriented guideline development. Examples for fruitful collaboration are the strong Austrian contribution to quality assured diagnostics and stewardship, and the Swiss model of general ID specialists providing expert care for severely immunocompromised patients.

AGIHO members regularly consult with the Ministries of Health with topics ranging from incipient epidemiologic developments to vaccine hesitancy, to antimicrobial resistance, to commenting on developing regulations and laws.

Current fields of activity

Young AGIHO

The Young AGIHO (yAGIHO) was founded at the joint annual conference of DGHO, OeGHO (Austrian Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology) and SGH + SSH/SGMO (Swiss Society of Hematology/Swiss Society of Medical Oncology) in 2023. It represents young physicians and medical students at the beginning of their careers. The major aim is including physicians-in-training in the active work of the AGIHO and to interconnect between centers and disciplines. yAGIHO members are represented in all guideline panels and contribute to registry studies and clinical trials.

Furthermore, yAGIHO fosters active discussions on specialization training and clinical decision making from everyday life of residents and fellows, particularly in regular virtual events with case presentations and journal clubs.

Education and training

AGIHO has been hosting a 2-day training course annually since 2003. This educational event is a major training and networking platform for senior clinicians and young scientists alike. Members of the AGIHO steering committee and international guest speakers share their expertise and the latest knowledge on diagnostics, prophylaxis, and treatment of infections in hematology and oncology. AGIHO presents at all major national conferences with bespoke symposia, and the joint annual conference hosts a variety of very well attended AGIHO sessions.

Guidelines

AGIHO has published 48 guidelines and research papers on all fields of infection in cancer patients that collectively received 1,273 citations (Table 1 ), corresponding to an average of 26 citations per paper. AGIHO guidelines are open access and regularly updated, as reflected by the continuous flow of publications, averaging about one journal publication every six months (Figure 1 ). Condensed excerpts of the guidelines are published on www.dgho.de in German and English language. Since 2025 the platform www.medicalguideline.org is used to support collaborative work with a standardized format, integrated literature management, and artificial intelligence assisted tools.

Table 1 Guidelines of the ID working party Year Title 2026 Anti-infective Vaccination Strategies in Patients with Hematological Malignancies or Solid Tumors – 2025 Update of the Guideline of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 7 ] 2026 Evidence-based AGIHO guideline update on prophylaxis of infectious complications with granulocyte-stimulating factors (G-CSF) for the treatment of adult patients with cancer [ 8 ] 2026 Prevention, diagnosis and management of community acquired respiratory virus infections including COVID-19 in patients with cancer: 2025 updated evidence-based guideline of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German society for hematology and medical oncology (DGHO) [ 9 ] 2026 CNS infections in patients with hematological or oncological diseases (including cellular therapies) − 2024 update of the guideline of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 10 ] 2025 2024 update of the AGIHO guideline on diagnosis and empirical treatment of fever of unknown origin (FUO) in adult neutropenic patients with solid tumours and hematological malignancies [ 11 ] 2023 Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal diseases in patients with haematological malignancies: 2022 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 12 ] 2023 AGIHO guideline on evidence-based management of COVID-19 in cancer patients: 2022 update on vaccination, pharmacological prophylaxis and therapy in light of the omicron variants [ 13 ] 2022 Management of herpesvirus reactivations in patients with solid tumours and hematologic malignancies: update of the Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) on herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, and varicella zoster virus [ 14 ] 2021 Primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies and solid tumors: 2020 updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO/DGHO) [ 15 ] 2021 2021 update of the AGIHO guideline on evidence-based management of COVID-19 in patients with cancer regarding diagnostics, viral shedding, vaccination and therapy [ 16 ] 2021 Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of infections in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2020 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 17 ] 2021 Central venous catheter-related infections in hematology and oncology: 2020 updated guidelines on diagnosis, management, and prevention by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 18 ] 2020 Evidence-based management of COVID-19 in cancer patients: Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 19 ] 2020 Treatment of invasive fungal diseases in cancer patients-Revised 2019 Recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 20 ] 2019 Management of sepsis in neutropenic cancer patients: 2018 guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) and Intensive Care Working Party (iCHOP) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 21 ] 2018 Diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in haematology and oncology: 2018 update of the recommendations of the infectious diseases working party of the German society for hematology and medical oncology (AGIHO) [ 22 ] 2018 Anti-infective vaccination strategies in patients with hematologic malignancies or solid tumors-Guideline of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 23 ] 2018 Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: 2017 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 24 ] 2018 Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal complications in adult cancer patients: 2017 updated evidence-based guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 25 ] 2017 Diagnosis and empirical treatment of fever of unknown origin (FUO) in adult neutropenic patients: guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 26 ] 2016 CNS infections in patients with hematological disorders (including allogeneic stem-cell transplantation)-Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 27 ] 2015 Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with solid tumours and haematological malignancies–update of the Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 28 ] 2015 Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of lung infiltrates in febrile neutropenic patients (allogeneic SCT excluded): updated guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). [ 29 ] 2014 Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: 2014 updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO) [ 30 ] 2014 Prophylaxis of infectious complications with colony-stimulating factors in adult cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy-evidence-based guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party AGIHO of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) [ 31 ] 2014 Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients-updated recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 32 ] 2013 Primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors: guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 33 ] 2013 Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal complications in adult cancer patients: evidence-based guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 34 ] 2012 Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 35 , 36 ] 2012 Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in hematology and oncology–guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party in Haematology and Oncology of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology (AGIHO) [ 36 ] 2009 Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients – Recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 37 ] 2008 Central venous catheter-related infections in hematology and oncology: guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 38 ] 2006 Management of sepsis in neutropenia: guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 39 ] 2006 Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumours: Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 40 ] 2005 Antimicrobial prophylaxis in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German society of haematology and oncology [ 41 ] 2003 Antimicrobial therapy of unexplained fever in neutropenic patients–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO), Study Group Interventional Therapy of Unexplained Fever, Arbeitsgemeinschaft Supportivmassnahmen in der Onkologie (ASO) of the Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft (DKG-German Cancer Society) [ 42 ] 2003 Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of pulmonary infiltrates in febrile neutropenic patients–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 43 ] 2003 Diagnosis and treatment of documented infections in neutropenic patients–recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 44 ] 2003 Treatment of fungal infections in hematology and oncology - Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 45 ] 2003 Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in hematology and oncology - Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 46 ] 2003 Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infections in neutropenic patients - Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 47 ] 2003 Sepsis in neutropenia–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 48 ] 2003 Antimicrobial therapy of febrile complications after high-dose chemo-/radiotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 49 ] 2003 Infectious complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: epidemiology and interventional therapy strategies–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 50 ] 2003 Prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors–guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 51 ] 2001 Treatment of fungal infections in hematology and oncology. Guidelines of the Working Party on Infections in Hematology and Oncology (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO) [ 52 ]

Fig. 1 Publication record of the ID working party

Main developments within guidelines over three decades

Febrile neutropenia remains an emergency in the treatment of patients with cancer, requiring prompt and evidence-based clinical and antimicrobial management. The AGIHO guidelines are fit for basing local standard operating procedures and adapting to local epidemiology. Major advances AGIHO helped shape are (a) safety and efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis in patients at high risk [ 53 ], (b) safety of empiric antibiotic monotherapy in most patients [ 11 ], (c) importance of considering local epidemiology in first-line treatment [ 11 ], (d) development of pre-emptive strategies for antifungal therapy [ 54 ] and (e) development of risk scores and algorithms for a safe outpatient treatment of patients with standard-risk febrile neutropenia [ 11 ]. As antimicrobial resistance is an emerging threat, antimicrobial stewardship programs rationalize empiric treatment by applying PEN-FAST criteria to identify patients eligible for penicillin derivatives [ 55 ], despite history of allergy treatment according to local resistance profiles, and early discontinuation of empirical antibiotic therapy after 3–5 days of defervescence and clinical recovery irrespective of the neutrophil count [ 11 , 55 , 56 ]. Close clinical monitoring remains the cornerstone in the care of neutropenic patients and that remained the mandatory paradigm over the last 30 years.

Prophylaxis

In the first AGIHO guideline in 2003, the only strong recommendation was for fluconazole prophylaxis in allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant recipients [ 51 ]. Only afterwards, posaconazole took this position as preferred agent for prophylaxis, preventing invasive fungal diseases IFD and death due to its broader spectrum covering Aspergillus and emerging molds [ 53 ]. In the most recent update, this has not changed since no new drugs for prophylaxis have become available in almost two decades [ 12 ] – a trend that may be broken by the potential licensing of rezafungin as primary prophylaxis in patients undergoing allogeneic HCT [ 57 ]. Other antifungal strategies like diagnostic-driven pre-emptive treatment may become more important in antifungal stewardship facing increasing antifungal resistance, but also better access to imaging, specifically PET-CT, and biomarkers [ 54 , 58 , 59 ].

Respiratory viral infections

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the specific vulnerability of patients with cancer for community-acquired respiratory viral infections. During the pandemic, AGIHO updated guidance in close succession providing physicians with up-to-date evidence-based recommendations [ 13 , 16 , 19 , 60 ]. Besides SARS-CoV-2, other respiratory viruses, primarily influenza or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer and similar guiding principles apply to diagnosis and therapy [ 9 ]. These comprise a high level of awareness and prompt identification of a pathogen allowing early antiviral therapy to pre-empt progression to lower respiratory tract infection [ 9 ]. Preventative infection control measures and vaccination strategies against SARS-CoV-2, influenza and RSV are vitally important to protect our vulnerable patient populations [ 7 ].

Vaccination

Recent major advances in cancer treatment, for example antibody-drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, bispecific antibodies come with previously unknown infection patterns. In some cases, innovative treatments are even associated with specific infections [ 61 , 62 ]. One example is proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma frequently leading to herpes zoster. Another area is treatment of lymphoma with anti‑CD20 antibodies or Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and especially after anti‑BCMA bispecific antibodies, where infections represent a major threat. The risk posed by some of these infections can be mitigated by vaccination as the earliest and thus most effective preventive measure [ 7 ]. However, vaccine protection must be regularly assessed and, if necessary, renewed, especially after severe immunosuppression [ 7 ], but vaccinations are heavily underused in our patients [ 63 , 64 ]. To date, only a few clinical studies on vaccinations specifically evaluate clinical endpoints such as infection rates, sick days or work absenteeism, morbidity, or mortality in cancer patients. In contrast, numerous studies assess antibody formation or T‑cell-mediated immunity as surrogate markers of immune protection. In 2018, the AGIHO published its first guideline on vaccinations in patients with cancer [ 23 ], and another update in 2026 focusses specifically on recipients of new cancer treatments [ 7 ].

Contributions to European and global efforts

Since the early 2010 s AGIHO has been a core part of the multi-national, evidence-based clinical practice guidelines of the ECIL ( https://ecil-leukaemia.com ), along with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). The scope of ECIL guidelines, in line with AGIHO guidelines, include empirical antimicrobial treatment, antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis, specific guidelines for viral or Pneumocystis infections as well as guidelines on infections in HCT recipients [ 65 – 71 ]. AGIHO closely interacts with the ID Working Party of the EBMT, current joint commitments are in cytomegalovirus infection [ 72 ], invasive fungal diseases [ 73 ], and CNS infection [ 74 ]. In addition, the IDWP regularly organizes international training courses, which were hosted and supported repeatedly by AGIHO members. From 2019 the AGIHO principles on how to evaluate strength of recommendations and levels of evidence were employed in the Global Guideline Initiative lead by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM), which was joined by the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium (MSGERC), the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM), and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). These guidelines focus exclusively on fungal infections and were endorsed by more than 100 national and regional societies worldwide [ 60 , 75 – 80 ]. Additional collaborations include European Hematology Association (EHA) initiated guideline development [ 81 ] and surveys on infection management in cellular therapies and bispecific antibody treatment, ID training in hematology, and antifungal stewardship among hematologists [ 82 ]. Together, these efforts highlight AGIHO’s key role in strengthening pan-European initiatives in infections in hematology.

Clinical Research

While the focus is on guidelines, AGIHO research addresses areas of uncertainty. The studies range from infection control measures to outbreaks [ 83 – 85 ]. Currently enrolling studies are a real-world registry on central venous catheters (CVC). secrecy was initiated in 2013 and includes > 7,100 CVC while spanning 16 academic and non-academic centers. SECRECY enhances understanding of clinical routines [ 86 ], provides epidemiological data on CVC-related bloodstream infections [ 87 , 88 ]. The data set enables registry-based randomized simulation studies [ 89 ], and serves generating hypotheses for interventional studies.

FungiScope is an international registry established in 2003 by AGIHO members to create real-world evidence on rare and emerging IFD [ 90 ]. Epidemiology of these pathogens hardly allow randomized controlled trials, and many participants from 93 countries facilitates multiple investigator-driven sub-studies. To date, FungiScope holds > 7,200 individual patient courses of rare IFD, enabling a substantial body of peer-reviewed evidence on uncommon and difficult-to-treat IFD, directly informing international treatment guidelines [ 77 , 79 , 80 , 91 – 100 ]. FungiScope registry data served as external matched control for licensing purposes [ 101 ]. The registry supports regulatory decision-making and fast-track approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), accelerating patient access to innovative antifungal treatments [ 101 ].

The EHA Specialized Working Group (SWG) “Infections in Hematology” was established in 2017 under the leadership of Austrian and German AGIHO. The close collaboration between AGIHO and the EHA SWG generates new evidence. During the COVID-19 pandemic, AGIHO members together with SEIFEM (Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Infezioni nelle Emopatie – Infection Study Group within the Italian Society of Hematology) supported EPICOVIDEHA (now EPIRESEHA) [ 102 , 103 ], the largest registry on respiratory viral infections in patients with hematological diseases [ 38 , 102 – 126 ], followed by EPIAMLINF on infections in AML, and “HemaShield” on infections after bispecific antibody treatment [ 127 ].

In 2023, AGIHO members initiated a study on next generation sequencing (NGS) examining the added value in CNS infection after HCT (ZNMoDiSZ) [ 128 ]. This prospectively controlled study employs NGS on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with overt meningitis or encephalitis to identify pathogens in addition to conventional methods [ 129 , 130 ].

Conclusion and outlook

Over the last 30 years the AGIHO supported hematologists and oncologists through 48 guideline documents, and by educational sessions and courses. The members of the AGIHO are enthusiastically continuing this service. Several guidelines and updates are currently in progress, i.e. IFD, CVC-related infections, prophylaxis of bacterial infections, prophylaxis and treatment of infections in cellular therapy. The next generation is integrated through talented young AGIHO clinicians and scientists.

Publisher’s note

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Author contributions

OAC and CTR conceived the idea of the manuscript, coordinated the group and wrote the final version. OAC, GM, WH, NB, NG, CLF, SCM, VP, JSG, MS, ES, XS, MSH, DS, JS, DT, LW and CTR contributed to the writing of the manuscript and reviewed it. NB prepared figure 1 .

Funding Statement

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The article was written as part of our routine work and did not receive any additional funding.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Declarations

Conflict of interests

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in relation to this manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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92. Seidel D Hassler A Salmanton-García J Koehler P Mellinghoff SC Carlesse F Invasive Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans infections in pediatric patients: analysis of 55 cases from FungiScope® and the literature Int J Infect Dis 2020 92 114 22 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.017 31863876 Seidel D, Hassler A, Salmanton-García J, Koehler P, Mellinghoff SC, Carlesse F et al (2020) Invasive Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans infections in pediatric patients: analysis of 55 cases from FungiScope® and the literature. Int J Infect Dis 92:114–22 31863876 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.017

93. Seidel D Meißner A Lackner M Piepenbrock E Salmanton-García J Stecher M Prognostic factors in 264 adults with invasive Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans infection reported in the literature and FungiScope( ® ) Crit Rev Microbiol 2019 45 1 1 21 10.1080/1040841X.2018.1514366 30628529 Seidel D, Meißner A, Lackner M, Piepenbrock E, Salmanton-García J, Stecher M et al (2019) Prognostic factors in 264 adults with invasive Scedosporium spp. and Lomentospora prolificans infection reported in the literature and FungiScope( ® ). Crit Rev Microbiol 45(1):1–21 30628529 10.1080/1040841X.2018.1514366

94. Stemler J Salmanton-García J Seidel D Alexander BD Bertz H Hoenigl M Risk factors and mortality in invasive Rasamsonia spp. infection: Analysis of cases in the FungiScope( ® ) registry and from the literature Mycoses 2020 63 3 265 274 10.1111/myc.13039 31769549 Stemler J, Salmanton-García J, Seidel D, Alexander BD, Bertz H, Hoenigl M et al (2020) Risk factors and mortality in invasive Rasamsonia spp. infection: Analysis of cases in the FungiScope( ® ) registry and from the literature. Mycoses 63(3):265–274 31769549 10.1111/myc.13039

95. Sprute R Salmanton-García J Sal E Malaj X Falces-Romero I Hatvani L Characterization and outcome of invasive infections due to Paecilomyces variotii : analysis of patients from the FungiScope® registry and literature reports J Antimicrob Chemother 2021 76 3 765 74 10.1093/jac/dkaa481 33254240 PMC7879145 Sprute R, Salmanton-García J, Sal E, Malaj X, Falces-Romero I, Hatvani L et al (2021) Characterization and outcome of invasive infections due to Paecilomyces variotii : analysis of patients from the FungiScope® registry and literature reports. J Antimicrob Chemother 76(3):765–74 33254240 10.1093/jac/dkaa481 PMC7879145

96. Del Principe MI Seidel D Criscuolo M Dargenio M Rácil Z Piedimonte M Clinical features and prognostic factors of Magnusiomyces ( Saprochaete ) infections in haematology. A multicentre study of SEIFEM/Fungiscope Mycoses 2023 66 1 35 46 10.1111/myc.13524 36064299 Del Principe MI, Seidel D, Criscuolo M, Dargenio M, Rácil Z, Piedimonte M et al (2023) Clinical features and prognostic factors of Magnusiomyces ( Saprochaete ) infections in haematology. A multicentre study of SEIFEM/Fungiscope. Mycoses 66(1):35–46 36064299 10.1111/myc.13524

97. Reinhold I Mori G Lanzafame M Limongelli A Vena A Götz J Rezafungin utilisation in real life-FungiScope results from Europe and the United States Mycoses 2025 68 9 e70114 10.1111/myc.70114 40958610 PMC12441757 Reinhold I, Mori G, Lanzafame M, Limongelli A, Vena A, Götz J et al (2025) Rezafungin utilisation in real life-FungiScope results from Europe and the United States. Mycoses 68(9):e70114 40958610 10.1111/myc.70114 PMC12441757

98. Jenks JD Seidel D Cornely OA Chen S van Hal S Kauffman C Clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasive Lomentospora prolificans infections: Analysis of patients in the FungiScope( ® ) registry Mycoses 2020 63 5 437 442 10.1111/myc.13067 32080902 Jenks JD, Seidel D, Cornely OA, Chen S, van Hal S, Kauffman C et al (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasive Lomentospora prolificans infections: Analysis of patients in the FungiScope( ® ) registry. Mycoses 63(5):437–442 32080902 10.1111/myc.13067

99. Hoenigl M Salmanton-García J Egger M Gangneux JP Bicanic T Arikan-Akdagli S Guideline adherence and survival of patients with candidaemia in Europe: results from the ECMM Candida III multinational European observational cohort study Lancet Infect Dis 2023 23 6 751 61 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00872-6 37254300 Hoenigl M, Salmanton-García J, Egger M, Gangneux JP, Bicanic T, Arikan-Akdagli S et al (2023) Guideline adherence and survival of patients with candidaemia in Europe: results from the ECMM Candida III multinational European observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 23(6):751–61 37254300 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00872-6

100. Özbek L Topçu U Manay M Esen BH Bektas SN Aydın S COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 958 cases Clin Microbiol Infect 2023 29 6 722 731 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.008 36921716 PMC10008766 Özbek L, Topçu U, Manay M, Esen BH, Bektas SN, Aydın S et al (2023) COVID-19-associated mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 958 cases. Clin Microbiol Infect 29(6):722–731 36921716 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.008 PMC10008766

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102. Salmanton-García J Busca A Cornely OA Corradini P Hoenigl M Klimko N EPICOVIDEHA: a ready to use platform for epidemiological studies in hematological patients with COVID-19 Hemasphere 2021 5 7 e612 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000612 34235404 PMC8232068 Salmanton-García J, Busca A, Cornely OA, Corradini P, Hoenigl M, Klimko N et al (2021) EPICOVIDEHA: a ready to use platform for epidemiological studies in hematological patients with COVID-19. Hemasphere 5(7):e612 34235404 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000612 PMC8232068

103. Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Itri F Farina F Hoenigl M Córdoba R Unveiling the hidden burden: from EPICOVIDEHA to EPIFLUEHA, exploring the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in hematological patients Hemasphere 2023 7 11 e970 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000970 37869177 PMC10589505 Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Itri F, Farina F, Hoenigl M, Córdoba R et al (2023) Unveiling the hidden burden: from EPICOVIDEHA to EPIFLUEHA, exploring the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in hematological patients. Hemasphere 7(11):e970 37869177 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000970 PMC10589505

104. Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Navrátil M Piukovics K Del Principe MI Criscuolo M Respiratory Viruses in Patients With Hematological Malignancy in Boreal Autumn/Winter 2023–2024: EPICOVIDEHA-EPIFLUEHA Report Am J Hematol 2025 100 3 358 374 10.1002/ajh.27565 39715069 PMC11803548 Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Navrátil M, Piukovics K, Del Principe MI, Criscuolo M et al (2025) Respiratory Viruses in Patients With Hematological Malignancy in Boreal Autumn/Winter 2023–2024: EPICOVIDEHA-EPIFLUEHA Report. Am J Hematol 100(3):358–374 39715069 10.1002/ajh.27565 PMC11803548

105. Aiello TF Salmanton-Garcia J Marchesi F Weinbergerova B Glenthoj A Van Praet J Dexamethasone treatment for COVID-19 is related to increased mortality in hematologic malignancy patients: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry Haematologica 2024 109 8 2693 700 38572549 10.3324/haematol.2023.284678 PMC11290529 Aiello TF, Salmanton-Garcia J, Marchesi F, Weinbergerova B, Glenthoj A, Van Praet J et al (2024) Dexamethasone treatment for COVID-19 is related to increased mortality in hematologic malignancy patients: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. Haematologica 109(8):2693–700 38572549 10.3324/haematol.2023.284678 PMC11290529

106. Lahmer T Salmanton-García J Marchesi F El-Ashwah S Nucci M Besson C Need for ICU and outcome of critically ill patients with COVID-19 and haematological malignancies: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey Infection 2024 52 3 1125 41 10.1007/s15010-023-02169-7 38388854 PMC11143019 Lahmer T, Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, El-Ashwah S, Nucci M, Besson C et al (2024) Need for ICU and outcome of critically ill patients with COVID-19 and haematological malignancies: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey. Infection 52(3):1125–41 38388854 10.1007/s15010-023-02169-7 PMC11143019

107. Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Farina F Weinbergerová B Itri F Dávila-Valls J Decoding the historical tale: COVID-19 impact on haematological malignancy patients-EPICOVIDEHA insights from 2020 to 2022 EClinicalMedicine 2020 71 102553 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102553 PMC10963230 38533127 Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Farina F, Weinbergerová B, Itri F, Dávila-Valls J et al (2020) Decoding the historical tale: COVID-19 impact on haematological malignancy patients-EPICOVIDEHA insights from 2020 to 2022. EClinicalMedicine 71:102553 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102553 PMC10963230 38533127

108. El-Ashwah S Salmanton-García J Bilgin YM Itri F Žák P Weinbergerová B The mortality of COVID-19 in CML patients from 2020 until 2022: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey Leuk Lymphoma 2024 65 2 199 208 10.1080/10428194.2023.2280886 37966980 El-Ashwah S, Salmanton-García J, Bilgin YM, Itri F, Žák P, Weinbergerová B et al (2024) The mortality of COVID-19 in CML patients from 2020 until 2022: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey. Leuk Lymphoma 65(2):199–208 37966980 10.1080/10428194.2023.2280886

109. Musto P Salmanton-García J Sgherza N Bergantim R Farina F Glenthøj A Survival in multiple myeloma and SARS-COV-2 infection through the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry Hematol Oncol 2024 42 1 e3240 10.1002/hon.3240 38050405 Musto P, Salmanton-García J, Sgherza N, Bergantim R, Farina F, Glenthøj A et al (2024) Survival in multiple myeloma and SARS-COV-2 infection through the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. Hematol Oncol 42(1):e3240 38050405 10.1002/hon.3240

110. Rossi G Salmanton-García J Cattaneo C Marchesi F Dávila-Valls J Martín-Pérez S Age, successive waves, immunization, and mortality in elderly COVID-19 hematological patients: EPICOVIDEHA findings Int J Infect Dis 2023 137 98 110 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.013 37863310 Rossi G, Salmanton-García J, Cattaneo C, Marchesi F, Dávila-Valls J, Martín-Pérez S et al (2023) Age, successive waves, immunization, and mortality in elderly COVID-19 hematological patients: EPICOVIDEHA findings. Int J Infect Dis 137:98–110 37863310 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.013

111. Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Koehler P Weinbergerová B Čolović N Falces-Romero I Molnupiravir compared to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for COVID-19 in high-risk patients with haematological malignancy in Europe. A matched-paired analysis from the EPICOVIDEHA registry Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023 62 4 106952 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106952 37582478 Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Koehler P, Weinbergerová B, Čolović N, Falces-Romero I et al (2023) Molnupiravir compared to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for COVID-19 in high-risk patients with haematological malignancy in Europe. A matched-paired analysis from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. Int J Antimicrob Agents 62(4):106952 37582478 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106952

112. Criscuolo M Salmanton-García J Fracchiolla N Dragonetti G Khanna N Weinbergerová B SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Patients With Mastocytosis: An EPICOVIDEHA Report J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2023 33 3 225 227 10.18176/jiaci.0845 35894666 Criscuolo M, Salmanton-García J, Fracchiolla N, Dragonetti G, Khanna N, Weinbergerová B et al (2023) SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Patients With Mastocytosis: An EPICOVIDEHA Report. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 33(3):225–227 35894666 10.18176/jiaci.0845

113. van Doesum JA Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Di Blasi R Falces-Romero I Cabirta A Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and monoclonal antibodies on outcome post–CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy: an EPICOVIDEHA survey Blood Adv 2023 7 11 2645 55 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009578 37058479 PMC10112941 van Doesum JA, Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Di Blasi R, Falces-Romero I, Cabirta A et al (2023) Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and monoclonal antibodies on outcome post–CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy: an EPICOVIDEHA survey. Blood Adv 7(11):2645–55 37058479 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009578 PMC10112941

114. Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Gomes da Silva M Farina F Dávila-Valls J Bilgin YM Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients with haematological malignancies: a report from the EPICOVIDEHA registry eClinicalMedicine 2023 58 101939 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101939 37041967 PMC10078172 Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Gomes da Silva M, Farina F, Dávila-Valls J, Bilgin YM et al (2023) Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patients with haematological malignancies: a report from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. eClinicalMedicine 58:101939 37041967 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101939 PMC10078172

115. Marchesi F Salmanton-García J Buquicchio C Itri F Besson C Dávila-Valls J Passive pre-exposure immunization by tixagevimab/cilgavimab in patients with hematological malignancy and COVID-19: matched-paired analysis in the EPICOVIDEHA registry J Hematol Oncol 2023 16 1 32 10.1186/s13045-023-01423-7 37005697 PMC10066993 Marchesi F, Salmanton-García J, Buquicchio C, Itri F, Besson C, Dávila-Valls J et al (2023) Passive pre-exposure immunization by tixagevimab/cilgavimab in patients with hematological malignancy and COVID-19: matched-paired analysis in the EPICOVIDEHA registry. J Hematol Oncol 16(1):32 37005697 10.1186/s13045-023-01423-7 PMC10066993

116. Marchetti M Salmanton-García J El-Ashwah S Verga L Itri F Ráčil Z Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ph-neg chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry Ther Adv Hematol 2023 14 20406207231154706 10.1177/20406207231154706 36923264 PMC10009041 Marchetti M, Salmanton-García J, El-Ashwah S, Verga L, Itri F, Ráčil Z et al (2023) Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ph-neg chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms: results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. Ther Adv Hematol 14:20406207231154706 36923264 10.1177/20406207231154706 PMC10009041

117. Busca A, Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Farina F, Seval GC, Van Doesum J et al (2023) Outcome of COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry. Front Immunol. ; Volume 14 –2023 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125030 PMC9999728 36911708

118. Pagano L Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Blennow O Gomes da Silva M Glenthøj A Breakthrough COVID-19 in vaccinated patients with hematologic malignancies: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey Blood 2022 140 26 2773 87 10.1182/blood.2022017257 36126318 PMC9492383 Pagano L, Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Blennow O, Gomes da Silva M, Glenthøj A et al (2022) Breakthrough COVID-19 in vaccinated patients with hematologic malignancies: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey. Blood 140(26):2773–87 36126318 10.1182/blood.2022017257 PMC9492383

119. Cattaneo C Salmanton-García J Marchesi F El-Ashwah S Itri F Weinbergerová B Simultaneous onset of haematological malignancy and COVID: an Epicovideha survey Cancers (Basel) 2022 10.3390/cancers14225530 36428621 PMC9688278 Cattaneo C, Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, El-Ashwah S, Itri F, Weinbergerová B et al (2022) Simultaneous onset of haematological malignancy and COVID: an Epicovideha survey. Cancers (Basel) 5530. 10.3390/cancers14225530 36428621 10.3390/cancers14225530 PMC9688278

120. Salmanton-García J Marchesi F Glenthøj A Bilgin YM van Praet J Dávila-Valls J Improved clinical outcome of COVID-19 in hematologic malignancy patients receiving a fourth dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: an EPICOVIDEHA report HemaSphere 2022 6 11 e789 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000789 36310756 PMC9605793 Salmanton-García J, Marchesi F, Glenthøj A, Bilgin YM, van Praet J, Dávila-Valls J et al (2022) Improved clinical outcome of COVID-19 in hematologic malignancy patients receiving a fourth dose of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: an EPICOVIDEHA report. HemaSphere 6(11):e789 36310756 10.1097/HS9.0000000000000789 PMC9605793

121. Infante MS, Salmanton-García J, Fernández-Cruz A, Marchesi F, Jaksic O, Weinbergerová B et al (2022) B-cell malignancies treated with targeted drugs and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA). Front Oncol. ; Volume 12 –2022 10.3389/fonc.2022.992137 PMC9583921 36276116

122. Blennow O Salmanton-García J Nowak P Itri F Van Doesum J López-García A Outcome of infection with omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant in patients with hematological malignancies: an EPICOVIDEHA survey report Am J Hematol 2022 97 8 E312 E7 10.1002/ajh.26626 35702878 PMC9349555 Blennow O, Salmanton-García J, Nowak P, Itri F, Van Doesum J, López-García A et al (2022) Outcome of infection with omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant in patients with hematological malignancies: an EPICOVIDEHA survey report. Am J Hematol 97(8):E312–E7 35702878 10.1002/ajh.26626 PMC9349555

123. Lamure S Salmanton-García J Robin-Marieton E Jaksic O Kohn M Marchesi F COVID-19 and hairy-cell leukemia: an EPICOVIDEHA survey Blood Adv 2022 6 13 3870 4 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007357 35500220 PMC9068260 Lamure S, Salmanton-García J, Robin-Marieton E, Jaksic O, Kohn M, Marchesi F et al (2022) COVID-19 and hairy-cell leukemia: an EPICOVIDEHA survey. Blood Adv 6(13):3870–4 35500220 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007357 PMC9068260

124. Busca A Salmanton-García J Corradini P Marchesi F Cabirta A Di Blasi R COVID-19 and CAR T cells: a report on current challenges and future directions from the EPICOVIDEHA survey by EHA-IDWP Blood Adv 2022 6 7 2427 33 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005616 34749396 PMC8575532 Busca A, Salmanton-García J, Corradini P, Marchesi F, Cabirta A, Di Blasi R et al (2022) COVID-19 and CAR T cells: a report on current challenges and future directions from the EPICOVIDEHA survey by EHA-IDWP. Blood Adv 6(7):2427–33 34749396 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005616 PMC8575532

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