Molecular mechanisms and translational potential of plant-derived nanovesicles in skin care and regeneration.

Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are emerging as a novel class of natural biomaterials with significant potential in dermatological applications, owing to their unique lipid bilayer structure, broad source availability, and low immunogenicity. This review systematically delineates the biogenesis pathways of PDNVs-including the multivesicular body (MVB) and exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO) routes-and characterizes their complex cargo, which encompasses functional proteins, regulatory microRNAs, and bioactive secondary metabolites. We critically discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the skincare efficacy of PDNVs, emphasizing their roles in antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activation, anti-aging effects through the modulation of MMP expression and collagen synthesis, melanogenesis inhibition, and the promotion of wound healing by regulating inflammatory cytokines and the TGF-β pathway. Furthermore, the article compares PDNVs with synthetic nanocarriers and other extracellular vesicles, highlighting their superior biocompatibility and cellular uptake efficiency as natural delivery systems. Finally, we address current industrial challenges related to standardized isolation, quality control, and storage stability, and propose future perspectives on bioengineering strategies and clinical translation. This work provides a comprehensive theoretical foundation for the application of PDNVs in precision dermatology and cosmetic biotechnology.