European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology · 2026
Hormonal contraception and breast tenderness: A Danish cross-sectional study.
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Storgaard Louise Czajkowska, Møller Amalie Lykkemark, Sørensen Kathrine Kold, Wood-Kurland Hannah Karin, Würtz Yazdanfard Puriya Daniel, Gamborg Mads, Andersen Mikkel Porsborg, Mørch Lina Steinrud, Meaidi Amani, Torp-Pedersen Christian, Bager Mille Dybdal
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Breast tenderness is an acknowledged side effect of hormonal contraception, reflecting hormonal effects on breast tissue, but evidence on variation across contraceptive types, doses and formulations remains limited.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among Safe Choice survey respondents aged 18-39 years. Associations between hormonal contraceptive use and self-reported breast tenderness were assessed using logistic regression.
RESULTS: We included 112,558 women (median age 26), of whom 17,478 had experienced breast tenderness (15.5 %). Combined oral contraceptives were associated with lower odds of breast tenderness compared with non-use (OR 0.72, CI 95 % 0.69-0.76), whereas low-dose progestin-only tablets (OR 1.56, CI 95 % 1.33-1.83), intrauterine devices (OR 1.14, CI 95 % 1.10-1.19) and progestin-only injections or implants (OR 1.25, CI 95 % 1.09-1.43) were associated with higher odds. Combined oral contraceptives were associated with lower odds after six months of use (OR 0.71, CI 95 % 0.62-0.82). Low-dose progestin-only tablets were associated with higher odds during the first six months and after 12 months of use (OR 1.72, CI 95 % 1.32-2.24 and OR 1.63, CI 95 % 1.28-2.07), whereas IUDs were associated with higher odds after 12 months (OR 1.18, CI 95 % 1.13-1.23).
CONCLUSIONS: Combined oral contraceptives were associated with lower odds of breast tenderness, whereas progestin-only contraceptives were associated with higher odds. These findings support that hormonal contraceptive use, including newer progestin-only products, may affect breast tissue.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among Safe Choice survey respondents aged 18-39 years. Associations between hormonal contraceptive use and self-reported breast tenderness were assessed using logistic regression.
RESULTS: We included 112,558 women (median age 26), of whom 17,478 had experienced breast tenderness (15.5 %). Combined oral contraceptives were associated with lower odds of breast tenderness compared with non-use (OR 0.72, CI 95 % 0.69-0.76), whereas low-dose progestin-only tablets (OR 1.56, CI 95 % 1.33-1.83), intrauterine devices (OR 1.14, CI 95 % 1.10-1.19) and progestin-only injections or implants (OR 1.25, CI 95 % 1.09-1.43) were associated with higher odds. Combined oral contraceptives were associated with lower odds after six months of use (OR 0.71, CI 95 % 0.62-0.82). Low-dose progestin-only tablets were associated with higher odds during the first six months and after 12 months of use (OR 1.72, CI 95 % 1.32-2.24 and OR 1.63, CI 95 % 1.28-2.07), whereas IUDs were associated with higher odds after 12 months (OR 1.18, CI 95 % 1.13-1.23).
CONCLUSIONS: Combined oral contraceptives were associated with lower odds of breast tenderness, whereas progestin-only contraceptives were associated with higher odds. These findings support that hormonal contraceptive use, including newer progestin-only products, may affect breast tissue.