Green magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent nanoparticles coupled with GC-MS determination of phthalates analysis in commercial tea products.

Phthalates are widely used plasticisers that can migrate from food-contact materials into food, posing environmental and health risks due to their endocrine-disrupting properties. This study developed a magnetic nanoparticle-modified hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (MNPDES)-based magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (μ-dSPE) method coupled with GC-MS for determining DBP, BBP, BEHP, DCHP, and DNOP in commercial tea products. The synthesised MNPDES showed successful surface functionalisation and favourable hydrophobic interaction properties. Under optimised conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999), low LODs and LOQs (0.007-0.040 μg L-1 and 0.012-0.122 μg L-1, respectively), satisfactory recoveries (90-111%), and acceptable reusability over five cycles, with relative recoveries above 80%. Greenness assessment using Analytical Eco-Scale, ComplexGAPI, and AGREEprep confirmed an excellent Eco-Scale score and favourable green profile. Overall, the proposed method offers a sensitive and greener approach for routine phthalate monitoring in tea products.