Frontiers in microbiology · 2026
Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota in Cygnus cygnus and isolation, identification, and safety assessment of Bacillus.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Xiao Ying, Lu Yabin, Hu Yue, Shi Rui, Mai Duo, Lv Ruixue, Pan Juan, Pan Yuhan, Tan Jiacheng, Hao Zhihui, Wang Jinquan
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: As a national second-class protected wild animal, the intestinal microbial community of Cygnus cygnus is highly important for health status and ecological balance. The potential application value of probiotics in animal health and disease prevention has attracted much attention, but few studies have investigated probiotics derived from wild animals.
METHODS: We initially collected fecal samples before and after the migration of the C. cygnus for macrogenomic sequencing. We subsequently isolated Bacillus spp. from C. cygnus feces and determined their hemolytic properties and tolerance to acid and bile salts to identify potential candidates. We subsequently studied the position of a candidate in phylogenetic trees using 16S rRNA sequences, as well as its susceptibility to antibiotics, toxicity, and effects on animal health.
RESULTS: Metagenomic analysis revealed that the abundance of the Firmicutes phylum tended to decrease after the migration of C. cygnus, whereas the relative abundance of the Fusobacteria phylum increased. Although the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota of C. cygnus remained relatively balanced before and after migration, the microbial community structure changed significantly after migration. These changes were related to reductions in carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, as well as a decrease in the abundance of genes encoding glycoside hydrolases. Twelve strains were isolated and screened, and two strains, Bacillus subtilis S07a and N1B, without hemolytic activity were found to have good tolerance to acid and bile salts. It was sensitive to 14 kinds of antibiotics, but B. subtilis S07a inhibited on three common pathogenic bacteria. Animal studies have shown that B. subtilis S07a (1 × 109 CFU/mL) is safe for use in mice. It also has anti-inflammatory potential and enhances intestinal barrier function to meet the probiotic and safety requirements of probiotics.
CONCLUSION: Metagenomic analysis revealed reduced abundance of carbohydrate-degrading microbes in the gut of C. cygnus post migration. The isolated B. subtilis S07a exhibits desirable in vitro probiotic potential and satisfactory in vivo safety.
METHODS: We initially collected fecal samples before and after the migration of the C. cygnus for macrogenomic sequencing. We subsequently isolated Bacillus spp. from C. cygnus feces and determined their hemolytic properties and tolerance to acid and bile salts to identify potential candidates. We subsequently studied the position of a candidate in phylogenetic trees using 16S rRNA sequences, as well as its susceptibility to antibiotics, toxicity, and effects on animal health.
RESULTS: Metagenomic analysis revealed that the abundance of the Firmicutes phylum tended to decrease after the migration of C. cygnus, whereas the relative abundance of the Fusobacteria phylum increased. Although the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota of C. cygnus remained relatively balanced before and after migration, the microbial community structure changed significantly after migration. These changes were related to reductions in carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, as well as a decrease in the abundance of genes encoding glycoside hydrolases. Twelve strains were isolated and screened, and two strains, Bacillus subtilis S07a and N1B, without hemolytic activity were found to have good tolerance to acid and bile salts. It was sensitive to 14 kinds of antibiotics, but B. subtilis S07a inhibited on three common pathogenic bacteria. Animal studies have shown that B. subtilis S07a (1 × 109 CFU/mL) is safe for use in mice. It also has anti-inflammatory potential and enhances intestinal barrier function to meet the probiotic and safety requirements of probiotics.
CONCLUSION: Metagenomic analysis revealed reduced abundance of carbohydrate-degrading microbes in the gut of C. cygnus post migration. The isolated B. subtilis S07a exhibits desirable in vitro probiotic potential and satisfactory in vivo safety.