Adsorption, Characterization, Thermodynamic, and Kinetics Studies of Direct Yellow Dye Removal From Aqueous Solution Using Natural and Purified Nelawan Clay as Low-Cost Adsorbent.

The textile and leather industries' discharge of wastewater tainted with dyes presents serious health and environmental risks, requiring the creation of effective and economical treatment techniques. This study looked into the use of Nelawan clay as an inexpensive adsorbent to remove straight yellow dye from aqueous solutions. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the dye's maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) was found to be 395 nm. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial dye concentration on removal efficiency were assessed by batch adsorption tests. A maximum clearance effectiveness of 97.13% was attained under ideal circumstances (100 ppm, pH 8, and 240 min). The Freundlich isotherm model best explained the adsorption equilibrium data, although kinetic studies revealed heterogeneous surface adsorption and chemical adsorption mechanisms using a pseudo-second-order model. SEM, FTIR, and XRD measurements were used to further characterize the adsorbent. The results show that Nelawan clay is a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent for treating wastewater tainted with dyes.