Microbiologically influenced corrosion in aquatic environments: a review of mechanisms, biofilms, and materials.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major cause of metal degradation in aquatic environments, accounting for a significant proportion of global economic losses. This review provides an integrated and updated overview of MIC in aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the interactions between microorganisms, biofilms, metallic materials, and environmental conditions. Rather than considering microbial groups in isolation, this review highlights the role of biofilm-driven microenvironments in regulating electrochemical reactions at the metal-water interface. Particular attention is given to material susceptibility, biofilm structure and dynamics, and physicochemical parameters governing MIC processes. In addition to conventional approaches, recent advances in omics technologies, high-resolution surface characterization, and real-time electrochemical monitoring are discussed, providing new insights into microbial activity and corrosion mechanisms. Furthermore, this review explores emerging ecological perspectives, including the influence of aquatic plants on microbial communities and corrosion processes in both natural and engineered systems. Finally, key knowledge gaps and future research directions are identified, with a focus on predictive modeling, smart monitoring systems, and environmentally friendly mitigation strategies.