Beyond the Rainbow: A Review of LGBTQ+ Engagement in Sport and Physical Activity in Aotearoa New Zealand Through a Socio-Ecological Model.

This study systematically maps existing scholarship on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual- and gender-diverse (LGBTQ+) participation in sport and physical activity in New Zealand. The study aims to identify participation experiences, examine barriers, and explore facilitators supporting engagement in sport and physical activity in New Zealand. Twenty peer-reviewed studies were analyzed, and the findings were interpreted using a socio-ecological model to reveal influences on the individual, interpersonal, organizational, and structural levels. Results show persistent discrimination, identity-related challenges, and heteronormative norms across these levels, while supportive team cultures, inclusive events, and organizational initiatives simultaneously enhance well-being and belonging. The study highlights the need for culturally responsive policies, coach education, and intersectional approaches to promote meaningful inclusion. Limitations include a small number of empirical studies and the underrepresentation of Māori LGBTQ+ communities. In addition, the file-drawer bias, whereby studies with null or nonsignificant findings are less likely to be published, may further contribute to gaps in the evidence base. Future research should expand evidence across diverse identities and integrate indigenous frameworks to guide culturally grounded, equitable sport participation.