Journal of advanced research · 2026
Divergent regulation of DREB1A by ICE1 and ABF4 contributes to distinct cold adaptation in four turfgrass species.
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Yang Di, Wang Weiliang, Fang Zhengfu, Zhang Hui, Wu Simin, Sun Tianxiao, Wang Guoliang, Yao Nasser, Wang Yanping, Xiang Lin, Wu Changyin, Chan Zhulong
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Cold constrains the growth and distribution of turfgrasses, which are divided into cool-season and warm-season types with distinct cold adaptation capacities. However, how different grass species evolved distinct strategies to survive the cold remains elusive.
OBJECTIVES: This study dissects the functional divergence of DREB1A promoters between the examined cool-season and warm-season turfgrasses and uncovers the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing their distinct cold adaptation strategies.
METHODS: DREB1As from four grass species were transformed to rice, Arabidopsis WT and cbfs-1 mutant with different promoter-CDS combinations. Binding of ICE1 and ABF to DREB1A promoters was investigated using EMSA, Y1H, and dual-luciferase assays.
RESULTS: Functional complementation assays in the cbfs-1 mutant, DREB1A promoters from the two examined warm-season turfgrasses, but not those from the two examined cool-season species, rescued the cold-sensitive phenotype. Consistently, the CdDREB1A promoter from bermudagrass conferred stronger cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and rice compared to the FaDREB1A promoter from tall fescue. Mechanistically, AtICE1 binds to and activates DREB1A promoters from the examined warm-season turfgrasses, but not those from two cool-season species, in the cbfs-1 mutant background. Moreover, homologous assays confirmed that the two warm-season turfgrass ICE1 proteins directly bind and activate their native DREB1A promoters, whereas the examined cool-season turfgrass ICE1 proteins do not. Furthermore, we identified a novel putative regulatory module, LpABF4-LpDREB1A1, that appears to positively modulates cold signaling in cool-season perennial ryegrass. Overexpression of either LpABF4 or LpDREB1A1 in perennial ryegrass significantly enhanced cold tolerance.
CONCLUSION: Our findings support a divergent model wherein the two examined warm-season turfgrasses mainly rely on ICE1-dependent DREB1A induction as part of a cold-avoidance strategy, whereas the other two tested cool-season turfgrasses appear to employ an alternative ABF4-DREB1A1 regulatory module. We could not rule out the possibility that other pathways also modulate the cold stress response in divergent turfgrass species.
OBJECTIVES: This study dissects the functional divergence of DREB1A promoters between the examined cool-season and warm-season turfgrasses and uncovers the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing their distinct cold adaptation strategies.
METHODS: DREB1As from four grass species were transformed to rice, Arabidopsis WT and cbfs-1 mutant with different promoter-CDS combinations. Binding of ICE1 and ABF to DREB1A promoters was investigated using EMSA, Y1H, and dual-luciferase assays.
RESULTS: Functional complementation assays in the cbfs-1 mutant, DREB1A promoters from the two examined warm-season turfgrasses, but not those from the two examined cool-season species, rescued the cold-sensitive phenotype. Consistently, the CdDREB1A promoter from bermudagrass conferred stronger cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and rice compared to the FaDREB1A promoter from tall fescue. Mechanistically, AtICE1 binds to and activates DREB1A promoters from the examined warm-season turfgrasses, but not those from two cool-season species, in the cbfs-1 mutant background. Moreover, homologous assays confirmed that the two warm-season turfgrass ICE1 proteins directly bind and activate their native DREB1A promoters, whereas the examined cool-season turfgrass ICE1 proteins do not. Furthermore, we identified a novel putative regulatory module, LpABF4-LpDREB1A1, that appears to positively modulates cold signaling in cool-season perennial ryegrass. Overexpression of either LpABF4 or LpDREB1A1 in perennial ryegrass significantly enhanced cold tolerance.
CONCLUSION: Our findings support a divergent model wherein the two examined warm-season turfgrasses mainly rely on ICE1-dependent DREB1A induction as part of a cold-avoidance strategy, whereas the other two tested cool-season turfgrasses appear to employ an alternative ABF4-DREB1A1 regulatory module. We could not rule out the possibility that other pathways also modulate the cold stress response in divergent turfgrass species.