Neurocognitive Sequelae in Adult Childhood Leukemia Survivors Related to Levels of Phosphorylated Tau.

Central nervous system-directed prophylactic chemotherapy increases survival in childhood leukemia, but possible late neurocognitive sequelae remain a concern. We compared intellectual performance (WAIS IV), memory (AVLT), and executive functioning (ANT) between adult leukemia survivors (n = 31) and control individuals (n = 35). In survivors, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) during treatment and total intrathecal methotrexate dose correlated with adult intellectual performance (Pearson's and Spearman's coefficients, respectively). Long-term memory and attentional control, both maturing before survivors' mean age at diagnosis, were unaffected (P > .05 on all four subtests), in contrast to cognitive flexibility and information processing (P < .05 for eight of the subtests), which mature during adolescence. CSF p-Tau and methotrexate dose negatively correlated with intellectual performance (r = -0.414, P = .04 and r = -0.484, P = .007, respectively), but not with each other (r = 0.219, P = .29). These data identify CSF p-Tau as a predictor of late neurocognitive sequelae (in addition to methotrexate dose). Early identification of children at risk could inspire interventions to prevent or remediate chemotherapy-induced cognitive sequelae.