BMJ open · 2026
Home-based virtual reality telerehabilitation for people with Parkinson's disease: a scoping review of delivery, supervision and implementation.
Scoping ReviewСтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Naqvi Ifat, Vardhan Vishnu, Khatib Nazli
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To map the delivery models, supervision approaches and implementation characteristics of home-based virtual reality (VR) telerehabilitation for people with Parkinson's disease (PD).
DESIGN: This scoping review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.
DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL and PEDro were searched from inception to 10 January 2026. Searches were restricted to English-language publications.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies evaluating immersive or non-immersive VR-based telerehabilitation delivered at home for adults with clinician-diagnosed PD, with a remote support component (synchronous, asynchronous or structured remote monitoring). Observational, qualitative and review designs were excluded.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened records, selected studies and charted data on delivery model, technology, onboarding, supervision, monitoring, dose and feasibility/safety. Results were synthesised using descriptive numerical summary and narrative analysis.
RESULTS: 18 studies (745 participants) met the inclusion criteria. 16 studies (89%) used fully home-based delivery; structured clinic-to-home transitions were rare. Technologies ranged from commercial gaming consoles (Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Kinect) to custom-built augmented reality, tablet-based and sensor-integrated platforms, with no dominant system. Asynchronous supervision, mainly through scheduled telephone calls, was used in most studies (50%), while only two (11%) employed real-time synchronous supervision. Dose prescriptions varied widely: programme durations spanned 2 weeks to 6 months, session frequencies ranged from two to five times per week and session lengths ranged from approximately 15 to 50 min. Adherence was generally high across studies; however, adverse event monitoring was inconsistently reported. Most evidence came from Europe and Oceania, with limited representation from other world regions.
CONCLUSION: Home-based VR telerehabilitation for PD is predominantly delivered through fully home-based, asynchronously supervised models, with considerable variability in technologies, dose prescriptions and safety reporting. Standardised dose reporting, structured adverse event monitoring, evidence-based supervision guidelines and geographically diverse trials are needed to support translation into routine clinical care.
DESIGN: This scoping review was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.
DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL and PEDro were searched from inception to 10 January 2026. Searches were restricted to English-language publications.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies evaluating immersive or non-immersive VR-based telerehabilitation delivered at home for adults with clinician-diagnosed PD, with a remote support component (synchronous, asynchronous or structured remote monitoring). Observational, qualitative and review designs were excluded.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened records, selected studies and charted data on delivery model, technology, onboarding, supervision, monitoring, dose and feasibility/safety. Results were synthesised using descriptive numerical summary and narrative analysis.
RESULTS: 18 studies (745 participants) met the inclusion criteria. 16 studies (89%) used fully home-based delivery; structured clinic-to-home transitions were rare. Technologies ranged from commercial gaming consoles (Nintendo Wii, Microsoft Kinect) to custom-built augmented reality, tablet-based and sensor-integrated platforms, with no dominant system. Asynchronous supervision, mainly through scheduled telephone calls, was used in most studies (50%), while only two (11%) employed real-time synchronous supervision. Dose prescriptions varied widely: programme durations spanned 2 weeks to 6 months, session frequencies ranged from two to five times per week and session lengths ranged from approximately 15 to 50 min. Adherence was generally high across studies; however, adverse event monitoring was inconsistently reported. Most evidence came from Europe and Oceania, with limited representation from other world regions.
CONCLUSION: Home-based VR telerehabilitation for PD is predominantly delivered through fully home-based, asynchronously supervised models, with considerable variability in technologies, dose prescriptions and safety reporting. Standardised dose reporting, structured adverse event monitoring, evidence-based supervision guidelines and geographically diverse trials are needed to support translation into routine clinical care.