Viral zoonotic disease outbreaks and response strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND

Viral zoonoses, particularly RNA viruses, pose a growing public health threat in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to ecological disruption, rapid urbanization, and weak health systems. This scoping review synthesizes the available evidence on viral zoonotic outbreaks in SSA, focusing on documented public health and medical response strategies and the extent to which the One Health approach has been applied.

METHODS

We conducted searches of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2005 and March 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Google, and website searches including WHO-AFRO and Africa CDC. The search strategy combined Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords related to “zoonotic viruses,” “outbreaks,” “response,” and “Sub-Saharan Africa.” Eligible studies included outbreak reports, surveillance summaries, case reports, and epidemiological investigations involving human and/or animal viral zoonotic disease outbreaks in SSA. Data on outbreak characteristics, transmission patterns, response strategies, and One Health implementation were extracted.

RESULTS

From an initial pool of 4,534 studies, fifty-two met the inclusion criteria. Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV), Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Monkeypox, and Lassa virus were the most frequently reported viruses. A notable case of Lassa fever and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection was reported in Guinea. Transmission routes varied: direct contact, vector-borne, sexual, and nosocomial transmission. Reported public health responses included case isolation, contact tracing, community sensitization, vector control, and livestock surveillance, though there was limited formal assessment of their effectiveness. Integration of the One Health approach was inconsistently applied and explicitly documented in only a few studies.

CONCLUSION

Zoonotic viral outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa remain a recurrent and evolving public health challenge due to persistent gaps in surveillance, preparedness, and cross-sector coordination. Strengthening community-based detection, rapid laboratory confirmation, health system capacity for diagnostics and response, and fully operationalizing One Health frameworks is essential to enhance early warning and outbreak control.