Rhythm disturbances after cardiac surgery.

The management of arrhythmias in the postoperative cardiac surgical patient often requires a combination of steps, correction of metabolic abnormalities, administration of antiarrhythmic agents, and precordial electrical shocks when necessary. Atrial, ventricular, or AV sequential pacing may also be required in conjunction with these other steps. Overdrive or underdrive pacing has also been used in the control and termination of various arrhythmias. In refractory arrhythmias, postoperative EPS can gear drug therapy more appropriately. In patients at increased risk of postoperative arrhythmias, preoperative EPS may identify these patients more readily. The placement of prophylactic ICD patches at the time of cardiac surgery in patients at increased risk can be performed safely and may obviate the need for subsequent thoracotomy. As clinicians, one should always be aware that any cardiac arrhythmia may occur following cardiac surgery, and that many modalities are available for their diagnosis and treatment.