Citrus peel-inspired hurdle technology: A novel composite film and UV treatment for chilled meat preservation.

The development of active packaging from biodegradable materials is crucial for maintaining chilled meat quality. Inspired by citrus peel, this study fabricated a multifunctional composite film combined with ultraviolet (UV) treatment. To mimic the exocarp, the film features a sodium alginate-beeswax/polylactic acid bilayer designed, where the sodium alginate-beeswax film replicates the hydrophobic cuticular wax layer and polylactic acid enhances mechanical robustness. A gelatin-based porous active layer incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles and oregano essential oil was further constructed to simulate the sponge-like mesocarp. It exhibited enhanced barrier properties (WVP = 7.30 g·mm·m-2·d-1·kPa-1) and reduced light transmittance (T600 = 35.83%). UV irradiation further improved its thermal stability, antioxidant (DPPH scavenging rate > 86%), and antibacterial performance. This composite film combined with UV treatment extended the shelf life of chilled meat from 2-3 days to 6-7 days, demonstrating its potential in active packaging integrated with non-thermal sterilization.