Virtual reality for opioid reduction in postoperative cardiac and thoracic surgery: A randomized controlled trial protocol.

This protocol describes a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of Virtual Reality (VR) as a non-pharmacological intervention for pain management in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac and thoracic surgeries. Postoperative pain in these major procedures is often intense and historically managed with high doses of opioids, which are associated with significant side effects and potential dependence. By leveraging the "limited capacity theory of attention," this study uses immersive and passive VR environments to compete with painful stimuli for cognitive resources, thereby aiming to reduce total opioid consumption. • This protocol establishes a standardized three-arm methodology to compare active VR immersion, passive VR contemplation, and conventional multimodal analgesia in a high-complexity surgical setting. • It provides a detailed framework for integrating digital distraction technology into intensive care unit (ICU) routines, including a rigorous equipment hygiene protocol to ensure patient safety. • The study focuses on a specific younger demographic (16-40 years) to evaluate the impact of VR on recovery outcomes, opioid sparing, and patient satisfaction.