Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists · 2026
Effect of denture cleansers and surface treatments on the color stability, gloss, and wettability of CAD-CAM denture bases.
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Alareifi Suonds, Alfaraj Amal, Lippert Frank, Hanes Brenda, Yang Chao-Chieh, Lin Wei-Shao
Аннотация
PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of surface treatments and chemical denture cleansers on the surface color stability, gloss, and wettability of compression-molded, 3D-printed, and milled denture base materials.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens (12 × 16 × 7 mm) were fabricated from a standardized STL file in three denture base materials (compression-molded, 3D-printed, and milled resins; n = 80 each) and assigned to polish-only or protective-coated (Optiglaze) subgroups. Specimens were immersed in one of four cleaning solutions: Polident (alkaline peroxide), Val-Clean (potassium caroate), Renew (alkaline hypochlorite), or distilled water (control group). Thirty immersion cycles per day were performed for 12 days, for a total of 360 cycles, simulating approximately 1 year of once‑daily denture cleaning. Color stability was evaluated using a spectrophotometer with the CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) formula. Surface gloss was measured with a gloss meter, and wettability was assessed by static contact angle using an optical tensiometer. Statistical analyses were conducted using three-way ANOVA. Color changes on acceptability and perceptibility were evaluated using one-sided, one-sample t-tests (thresholds of 1.8 and 0.8, α = 0.05).
RESULTS: Renew produced the highest mean ΔE00 (3.90 ± 0.33), exceeding distilled water (1.76 ± 0.33), Polident (0.92 ± 0.80), and Val-Clean (0.78 ± 0.56). Using the acceptability threshold (AT) of ΔE00 = 1.8, all Polident and Val-Clean groups remained acceptable for milled and 3D-printed materials. In contrast, compression-molded materials exhibited greater color instability. All Renew groups exceeded the AT regardless of surface treatment or fabrication method. Gloss change was also significant; Optiglaze combined with Val-Clean caused some of the largest gloss losses in 3D‑printed samples (-17.99 ± 9.82, p < 0.0001) and compression-molded samples (-13.13 ± 4.21, p < 0.0001). Polished surfaces generally lost less gloss, such as Polident-treated compression-molded resin (-5.92 ± 3.33, p = 0.0048). For wettability, Optiglaze increased hydrophobicity in 3D-printed specimens in distilled water (+6.33 ± 7.11°, p = 0.0033) but decreased it when combined with Renew in compression-molded resin (-18.54 ± 6.70°, p < 0.0001). Polident or Val-Clean on polished surfaces best preserved color, gloss, and wettability.
CONCLUSION: Renew produced the greatest overall changes in color and wettability. Gloss changes were strongly material‑ and treatment‑dependent. Optiglaze‑coated 3D‑printed and compression-molded bases immersed in Val-Clean showed pronounced gloss loss. Polished surfaces generally retained gloss better. Compression-molded materials were more susceptible to color change than milled or 3D-printed materials, and the Optiglaze did not consistently reduce changes in color, gloss, or wettability. These findings may inform future research and the development of evidence-based denture-cleaning protocols; however, clinical studies are needed before specific recommendations can be made.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens (12 × 16 × 7 mm) were fabricated from a standardized STL file in three denture base materials (compression-molded, 3D-printed, and milled resins; n = 80 each) and assigned to polish-only or protective-coated (Optiglaze) subgroups. Specimens were immersed in one of four cleaning solutions: Polident (alkaline peroxide), Val-Clean (potassium caroate), Renew (alkaline hypochlorite), or distilled water (control group). Thirty immersion cycles per day were performed for 12 days, for a total of 360 cycles, simulating approximately 1 year of once‑daily denture cleaning. Color stability was evaluated using a spectrophotometer with the CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) formula. Surface gloss was measured with a gloss meter, and wettability was assessed by static contact angle using an optical tensiometer. Statistical analyses were conducted using three-way ANOVA. Color changes on acceptability and perceptibility were evaluated using one-sided, one-sample t-tests (thresholds of 1.8 and 0.8, α = 0.05).
RESULTS: Renew produced the highest mean ΔE00 (3.90 ± 0.33), exceeding distilled water (1.76 ± 0.33), Polident (0.92 ± 0.80), and Val-Clean (0.78 ± 0.56). Using the acceptability threshold (AT) of ΔE00 = 1.8, all Polident and Val-Clean groups remained acceptable for milled and 3D-printed materials. In contrast, compression-molded materials exhibited greater color instability. All Renew groups exceeded the AT regardless of surface treatment or fabrication method. Gloss change was also significant; Optiglaze combined with Val-Clean caused some of the largest gloss losses in 3D‑printed samples (-17.99 ± 9.82, p < 0.0001) and compression-molded samples (-13.13 ± 4.21, p < 0.0001). Polished surfaces generally lost less gloss, such as Polident-treated compression-molded resin (-5.92 ± 3.33, p = 0.0048). For wettability, Optiglaze increased hydrophobicity in 3D-printed specimens in distilled water (+6.33 ± 7.11°, p = 0.0033) but decreased it when combined with Renew in compression-molded resin (-18.54 ± 6.70°, p < 0.0001). Polident or Val-Clean on polished surfaces best preserved color, gloss, and wettability.
CONCLUSION: Renew produced the greatest overall changes in color and wettability. Gloss changes were strongly material‑ and treatment‑dependent. Optiglaze‑coated 3D‑printed and compression-molded bases immersed in Val-Clean showed pronounced gloss loss. Polished surfaces generally retained gloss better. Compression-molded materials were more susceptible to color change than milled or 3D-printed materials, and the Optiglaze did not consistently reduce changes in color, gloss, or wettability. These findings may inform future research and the development of evidence-based denture-cleaning protocols; however, clinical studies are needed before specific recommendations can be made.