Modeling Emotion Induced by Motion in 4D Rides.

Motion, conveyed through motion platform movements on which the audience is seated, is the most commonly employed four-dimensional (4D) effect. It enhances immersion and influences emotional responses, with its impact varying depending on design factors. This variation suggests the potential for optimizing audience emotions through motion design. However, previous studies have either overlooked motion design factors or focused on single motion types, limiting the generalizability of their findings. This study focused on 4D ride films, which provide first-person ride experience. We examined the effects of motion presence and developed regression models to explain the relationship between motion design factors and emotional intensity. Models were constructed for representative emotions such as confused and urgent, using maximum amplitudes as independent variables. Based on these models, we proposed motion design guidelines to optimize emotional intensity by adjusting the maximum amplitudes of pitch, roll, and heave. These findings will help 4D ride film producers elicit the intended emotional intensity in audiences.