Influence of Moisture and Tool Temperature on the Maximum Stretch and Process Stability in High-Speed 3D Paper Forming.

This study investigates how moisture preconditioning and thermal parameters affect the stretchability of paper in 3D forming, with the goal of extending geometric forming limits and enhancing process stability. Multidimensional tensile tests were performed on FibreForm Duo (310 g/m2) using a hemispherical punch. Key variables included water bath dwell time, punch temperature, and contact time, simulating industrial conditions in high-speed packaging. A short duration of water bath immersion (1-3 s) led to rapid moisture uptake (-20%), resulting in significantly improved formability. Compared to unconditioned samples, the maximum stretch increased by up to 3.5 percentage points. The process window identified (3.03 s dwell time; 70 °C punch temperature; 1.08 s contact time to punch) yielded a predicted stretch of 16.5%, representing a notable expansion of the material's geometric forming capacity. Regression analysis (R2 = 0.8946) confirmed the strong statistical significance of all parameters.