Assessment of marine litter interactions with urban coral reefs in Okinawa, Japan.

This study assessed different reef zones (lagoon, reef crest, reef slope) in three urban locations around Okinawa Island (Mizugama, Ginowan, Sunabe) and two marine protected areas around nearby Aka Island (Hizushi, Sakubaru) for marine litter pollution and litter interactions with reef organisms. A total reef area of 2250 m2 was surveyed by scuba diving, and 46 marine litter items were recorded. Litter density ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 items/m2, and plastics (76.09 %) and metals (15.22 %) were the most common litter types. The substrates for litter items were live corals (52.17 %), followed by dead corals and algae (26.09 %), sand (13.04 %), and rocks (8.70 %). Litter items on live corals were entangled exclusively with branching Acropora spp. (95.83 %) and Pocillopora spp. (4.17 %). This study highlights the need to protect coral reef ecosystems from the impacts of urbanisation in order to conserve and sustain their ecological and economic benefits.