The Effect of Family Planning Counseling on Incident Pregnancy in Nepal.

An intervention aimed at institutionalizing postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) services was introduced in Nepal between 2015 and 2019. The intervention was evaluated using a cluster-randomized stepped-wedge trial, with data on women being collected immediately after delivery and at one- and two-year postpartum follow-ups. The sample consists of 19,155 women. We used intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and structural equation model (SEM) to investigate how the intervention affected the occurrence of a new pregnancy (incident pregnancy). The ITT analysis showed that women in the intervention group had a reduced probability, -0.7 percentage points (95 percent CI: -3.0, 1.4), of having an incident pregnancy compared to women in the control group. The SEM analysis showed that the intervention increased the probability of receiving antenatal family planning counseling and PPIUD-specific counseling by 22.2 percentage points (95 percent CI: 20.0, 24.4) and 26.5 percentage points (95 percent CI: 24.8, 28.3), respectively. The intervention had an unintended spillover effect, increasing the probability of receiving postnatal family planning counseling by 11.4 percentage points (95 percent CI: 7.3, 15.5). In the SEM, we find the expected impact of the intervention on increased counseling and induced effects on contraceptive method initiation, lowering the probability of an incident pregnancy by 0.3 percentage points (95 percent CI: -0.5, -0.1).