Augmented Reality-Assisted System for Tooth Carving Training in Dental Education.

The goal of this protocol is to enhance dental anatomy education by developing and applying an augmented reality-assisted tooth-carving system (AR-ATCS). Tooth morphology is a fundamental component of dental education, requiring students to master complex three-dimensional (3D) anatomical structures and functional landmarks that are essential for clinical procedures such as restorative dentistry and endodontic treatment. Traditionally, these skills are acquired through wax-block carving exercises; however, this approach is often limited by low instructional efficiency and a substantial cognitive gap when students attempt to translate two-dimensional (2D) textbook illustrations into three-dimensional physical structures. To address these challenges, this protocol describes integrating augmented reality (AR) technology into manual tooth-carving training. The system uses three-dimensional object tracking and computer vision algorithms to superimpose a high-fidelity virtual 3D tooth model onto the physical workspace. By recognizing dedicated tracking markers with a mobile device camera, the system projects a digital guide at the correct scale and orientation directly onto the wax block. This virtual-to-physical alignment enables students to visualize the target tooth morphology in real time and identify deviations in their carving progress as they occur. The protocol provides a detailed workflow for establishing the AR environment, aligning virtual models with physical materials, and using the system as a self-guided training tool. By delivering interactive, multi-angle visual feedback, the system reduces dependence on continuous instructor demonstrations and minimizes the impact of irreversible carving errors. Overall, this AR-assisted approach provides a supplementary visual guidance tool for traditional dental anatomy training by supporting novice students during tooth carving and offering a more efficient framework for practicing tooth morphology.