GFO-Light: A Simplified Top-Level Ontology - Introduction and Biomedical Case Studies.

We present a novel lightweight top-level ontology (TLO) 'GFO-light', which has been designed for ease of use by non-ontologists. While most TLOs come with rich, complex axiomatizations and terminologies that include a lot of philosophical jargon, lightweight TLOs aim to strike a balance between expressivity and accessibility by domain experts without excessive expertise in formal ontology. GFO-light is derived from the General Formal Ontology (GFO), which has unique features, such as the integration of objects and processes, and coincidence in continuous spacetime. The ontological and representational choices guiding the construction of GFO-light were driven by different real-world use cases and by the design choice to accommodate as many parts of the original GFO ontology as possible, as well as common modeling patterns. The novel GFO-light TLO attempts to strike a balance between ease of use, expressiveness, and inclusion of widely used features lacking from other lightweight TLOs.