RFE-YOLO: A Lightweight Receptive Field-Enhanced Network for UAV Imagery Object Detection.

Object detection in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing imagery remains a formidable challenge due to the diminutive scale of targets, complex background clutter, and extreme variability in target morphology. Standard convolutional neural networks typically suffer from irreversible fine-grained information loss during downsampling, as strided operations discard critical spatial details essential for the localization of tiny objects. To address these issues, we propose RFE-YOLO, a lightweight receptive field-enhanced network specifically tailored for high-precision small object detection in UAV scenarios. First, the Cross-Scale Receptive Field Enhancement (CSRE) module is designed to mitigate intrinsic information loss by integrating space-to-depth convolution (SPD-Conv), which preserves spatial details by migrating them into the channel dimension. This module further employs an energy-based adaptive weight generation mechanism to distinguish target signals from environmental noise. Second, this paper proposes the C3k2-Dynamic Inception Mixer Block (C3k2-DIMB), which adaptively captures anisotropic features-such as slender vehicles-via dynamic kernel weighting and multi-shape inception kernels. Third, the Shuffled Upsampling for Resolution Enhancement (SURE) module is introduced to maintain spatial fidelity during resolution recovery, utilizing a channel shuffle mechanism to overcome information isolation. Finally, the Multi-feature Fusion Module (MFM) replaces conventional static concatenation with a dynamic softmax-based competition mechanism, effectively bridging the semantic gap between multi-level features while suppressing background distractors. Experimental results on the VisDrone dataset demonstrate that RFE-YOLO significantly enhances the representation capability for small objects. Specifically, the proposed model achieves a state-of-the-art mAP50 of 42.70%, representing a substantial 9.3% improvement over the baseline YOLO11n. Furthermore, our architecture maintains an exceptionally lightweight profile with only 1.91 M parameters, demonstrating that high-precision detection can be achieved through structural intelligence rather than excessive parameter scaling. This makes RFE-YOLO highly suitable for real-time inference on edge-deployed UAV platforms.