A Systematic Literature Review of You Only Look Once Architectures (v1-v12) in Healthcare Systems.

Background/

Objectives

The integration of deep learning and computer vision into healthcare has improved medical diagnosis and image analysis. Among object detection algorithms, the YOLO family has attracted substantial attention due to its ability to analyze images in real time with reported improvements in detection performance across multiple studies. This systematic review examines the evolution of YOLO algorithms for diagnostic applications in healthcare from YOLOv1 to YOLOv12.

Methods

Peer-reviewed scientific articles published up to 1 January 2026 were retrieved from major scientific databases in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The included studies applied YOLO models to medical imaging tasks, including disease and lesion detection and support for clinical procedures. Performance was synthesized using reported metrics such as average precision, accuracy, inference time, and computational efficiency.

Results

The reviewed literature suggests progressive architectural refinements associated with reported improvements in diagnostic performance. YOLOv5 and YOLOv8 are the most frequently used architectures in diagnostic settings, reflecting a favorable trade-off between accuracy and computational complexity. YOLO-based methods have demonstrated strong performance across radiological, pathological, ophthalmological, and endoscopic applications.

Conclusions

YOLO models have matured into robust and optimized solutions for medical image analysis; however, challenges remain in interpretability, cross-institution generalization, and deployment on edge devices. Future work on explainable YOLO-based diagnostics and energy-efficient model design will be particularly valuable.