Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026
Non-contact Oxygenation Assessment of Biological Tissues Based on a Time-of-Flight Method.
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Jiang Jingjing, Lanini Letizia, Yacheur Djazia, Li Tong, Ackermann Meret, Russomanno Emanuele, Di Costanzo Mata Aldo, Wolf Martin, Kalyanov Alexander
Аннотация
UNLABELLED: Assessment of oxygen saturation for biological tissues is crucial in many medical applications. A non-contact oxygenation measurement is important in clinical scenarios, for example, emergency situations and imaging-guided surgery, because non-contact measurement will speed up the measurement preparation by eliminating the need for cleaning skin and sensor for hygrine and placement of sensor. Near-infrared spectroscopy stands out as a key technology for probing tissue oxygenation. Non-contact measurement requires precise estimation of the distance between the tissue and the probe. However, high precision light detection and ranging in the near-infrared region is challenging to achieve when targeting biological tissues due to the strong light scattering. This challenge limits the design of non-contact instruments for oxygenation assessment.
AIM: The aim is to utilize time-of-flight (ToF) sensors to accurately determine both oxygenation (optical properties (OP), i.e., absorption and scattering coefficients) of biological tissues and the distance to these tissues.
METHODS: Model-based direct ToF (DToF) models were built with a focus on highly scattering objects. A simulation study was performed to determine the OPs and distances. Two simulation tests were performed for a scattering object placed at 30 cm and 62 cm away. To demonstrate that the ToF measurements are sensitive to the OPs of the scattering object, we placed a tissue-mimicking phantom at 62 cm from the measurement plane, formed by a pulsed laser coupled to a collimator and a pinhole, while a single photon avalanche camera next to the emission point captures the ToF signals at four different wavelengths.
RESULTS: In both cases, the retrieved OPs and distances were very close to the reference parameters with <0.5% average error, showing the accuracy of the optimization process. The multi-spectral ToF measurements confirmed the simulation.
CONCLUSION: We developed a model-based DToF approach for precise oxygenation measurement at a distance. This method holds great potential for non-contact oxygenation measurements, offering valuable insights for various clinical scenarios.
AIM: The aim is to utilize time-of-flight (ToF) sensors to accurately determine both oxygenation (optical properties (OP), i.e., absorption and scattering coefficients) of biological tissues and the distance to these tissues.
METHODS: Model-based direct ToF (DToF) models were built with a focus on highly scattering objects. A simulation study was performed to determine the OPs and distances. Two simulation tests were performed for a scattering object placed at 30 cm and 62 cm away. To demonstrate that the ToF measurements are sensitive to the OPs of the scattering object, we placed a tissue-mimicking phantom at 62 cm from the measurement plane, formed by a pulsed laser coupled to a collimator and a pinhole, while a single photon avalanche camera next to the emission point captures the ToF signals at four different wavelengths.
RESULTS: In both cases, the retrieved OPs and distances were very close to the reference parameters with <0.5% average error, showing the accuracy of the optimization process. The multi-spectral ToF measurements confirmed the simulation.
CONCLUSION: We developed a model-based DToF approach for precise oxygenation measurement at a distance. This method holds great potential for non-contact oxygenation measurements, offering valuable insights for various clinical scenarios.