Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings - a comprehensive review.

The preservation of cultural heritage sites and objects faces critical challenges due to natural aging, environmental degradation, and human-induced damage such as vandalism and graffiti. This review article explores recent advancements in protective strategies for heritage materials including stone, concrete, ceramic, glass, metal, wood, and textiles. Special attention is given to the development and application of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings, which offer promising defense against moisture, pollutants, and oily substances. These functional surfaces, often based on coatings consisting of polymeric, ceramic, and composite materials, can provide durable, non-invasive protection tailored to specific substrate weaknesses and exposure environments (indoor and outdoor). Objective of this review article is to critically examine the most recent studies and materials innovations relevant to cultural heritage site preservation. First the assessment of substrate vulnerabilities and environmental threats is presented, followed by a detailed analysis of coating types and compositions. It concludes with emerging trends, challenges, and future perspectives, offering a valuable resource for researchers, conservators, and materials scientists committed to the long-term safeguarding of historical artifacts and monuments.