Large-scale experimental assessment of coyote behavior across urban and rural landscapes.

Carnivores must navigate the complexities of human modifications to their environment. Natural resources and biodiversity decline in urban areas, while people in rural areas often pose greater direct risk through actions such as hunting. To evaluate if carnivore populations adapt their behavior to local risks in rural and urban environments, we compared behavioral responses to novel objects in coyotes (Canis latrans). We placed an attractant at arrays of 30 camera-trap stations at 16 pairs of urban and rural field sites across the USA, with a novel object placed at half of the stations. Coyotes exhibited more cautious behavior and remained farther from the attractant at all sites with the novel object; however, urban coyotes got closer to the attractant than rural coyotes. There were few behavioral differences between urban and rural coyotes and none between eastern and western coyotes. Coyotes across the USA exhibit neophobic behavior but urban coyotes, especially western coyotes, are willing to take more risk (i.e., be closer to the attractant). The consistency in most metrics of coyote behavior suggest that solutions developed in one area could be universally useful. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of a large, collaborative approach to studying broad-scale patterns in behavioral traits.