Mouse offspring conceived by in vitro fertilization exhibit accelerated reproductive aging through premature ovarian insufficiency.

Reproductive aging is characterized by a progressive decline of reproductive function, with broad implications for overall health and longevity. Environmental factors, including assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), can accelerate reproductive aging by promoting premature ovarian insufficiency in females. In vitro fertilization (IVF), though widely used and generally considered safe, has been associated with lasting effects on offspring health. Using a mouse model that closely approximates human IVF, we demonstrated that IVF accelerated reproductive aging in female offspring by inducing premature ovarian insufficiency. IVF-conceived female mice exhibited altered ovarian function, reduced follicle reserve, disrupted endocrine profiles, and transcriptomic and epigenetic changes consistent with premature reproductive decline. These findings reveal long-term consequences of IVF on female reproductive health and highlight the need to understand how early-life interventions influence reproductive longevity.