Induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) during pseudorabies virus infection.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection causes great economic losses in the pig industry. By disrupting the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), many viral infections induce ER stress and trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the roles of ER stress and UPR in PRV infection remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that the expression of the ER stress marker glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) increased during the early stages of PRV infection, indicating that ER stress was induced. Examination of the three branches of the UPR revealed that the IRE1-XBP1 and eIF2α-ATF4 pathways were activated during PRV infection. In addition, PRV induced apoptosis in later stages of infection through the CHOP-Bcl2 axis. Overexpression of GRP78 or ER stress inducer treatment with thapsigargin could enhance PRV production. Conversely, ER stress inhibitor treatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid reduced PRV replication. Taken together, our results reveal that PRV infection induces ER stress and activates the IRE1-XBP1 and eIF2α-ATF4 pathways.