Abnormalities: See also Genetics; assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease, 368 Absenteeism: See Schools ACCP-SEEK board review question of the month, abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and irregular pulse, 775 ICU admission for anterior myocardial infarction with shortness of breath, 1577 woman with chronic, unproductive cough and left lower lobe lung mass, 1148 woman with COPD and fixed and dilated pupil following head trauma, 305 Acetylcysteine, N-, oral, elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats, 1500 Achalasia, diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis due to, 349, 350 Acid-fast smear: See Tuberculosis Acidification of distal esophagus and sleep-related breathing disturbances, 2101 Acidosis, hyperchloremic, effects of, on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis, 243 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: See HIV infections Acupuncture, can a standardized technique palliate disabling breathlessness: a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 1783 Acute Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire: See Questionnaires Acute lung injury: See Lung injury Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): See Respiratory distress syndrome, adult Adeno-associated virus: See Cystic fibrosis Adenocarcinoma, elevated hepatocyte growth factor level correlates with poor outcome in early-stage and late-stage adenocarcinoma of the lung, May Supp., 116S evidence that inflammation encourages pulmonary adenocarcinoma formation in mice: clinical implications, May Supp., 154S Adenoid cystic carcinoma: See Carcinoma Adenosine deaminase, comparison of six biological markers for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis, 987 Adenosine monophosphate, long-term dosing effects of mediator antagonists in inhaled corticosteroid-treated atopic asthmatic patients, 1372 Adenotonsillectomy, sleep apnea in children and, 2363, 2364 Adhesin, Feb. Supp., 63S Adhesion molecules: See Cell adhesion molecules Adolescence, concordance between parental and children's reports of parental smoking prompts, 429 healthy male adolescents, environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in, 1387 normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents, 872 sphincter pharyngoplasty as a treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbance, 864 Adrenergic β adrenoceptor agonists, inhaled, and left ventricular systolic function, 1174 Adrenergic β agonists, asthma exacerbations and formoterol, 1590 cardiovascular effects of, in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 Adrenergic β 2 agonists, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 long-acting bronchodilators are the first-choice option for the treatment of stable COPD, 9 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): See Respiratory distress syndrome, adult Aeroallergens: See Hypersensitivity Aerosols: See also Corticosteroids, inhaled; Nebulizers; comparison of lung deposition in two types of nebulization: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation vs jet nebulization, 502 increased responses to inhaled oxitropium bromide in asthmatic patients with active hepatitis C virus infection, 1368 inhaled β-adrenoceptor agonists and left ventricular systolic function, 1174 nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? 363 nebulized opioids use in COPD, 691 regional deposition of aerosolized interferon-γ in pulmonary tuberculosis, 2146 repeated adeno-associated virus serotype 2 aerosol-mediated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene transfer to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 509 Africa: See Gambia African Americans, ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, 85 sarcoidosis, race and short-term outcomes following lung transplantation, 990 smoking patterns in whites and, with advanced COPD, 15 Age and aging, a community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences, 127 changing patterns in asbestos-induced lung disease, 744 clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1183 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 dosing practices and risk factors for bleeding in patients receiving enoxaparin for the treatment of an acute coronary syndrome, 1616 effect of end point and, on the prognostic value of the exercise test, 1920 endurance and strength training in patients with COPD, 2036 novel diagnostic test for the risk of aspiration pneumonia in the elderly, 801 prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina, 1124 recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults, 965 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 survival of patients with bronchiectasis after the first ICU stay for respiratory failure, 1815 AIDS: See HIV infections Air conditioning, decreased respiratory symptoms after intervention in artificially ventilated offices in São Paulo, Brazil 326 Air leaks, lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid, in lung volume reduction surgery, 361 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 Air pollution: See Environmental exposure; Occupational and environmental lung disease Air transport, successful aeromedical transport using inhaled prostacyclin for a patient with life-threatening hypoxemia, 1579 Airtrapping, lung density measurements in spontaneous pneumothorax demonstrate, 2083 Airway, activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD, 1706 antioxidants and oxidative stress as predictors of sputum atypia and airflow obstruction, May Supp., 127S asthma and obesity: a real connection or a casual association? 1972 benign and malignant stenoses, balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of, 354 bronchial dilatation in asthma: relation to clinical and sputum indices, 1352 chronic disease, immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in, Feb. Supp., 70S cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S evaluating noisy breathing in children: how far down the airway should one look? 1184 extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing, 98 geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in Canada, 1657 high prevalence of endobronchial malignancy in high-risk patients with moderate dysplasia in sputum, May Supp., 109S hyperresponsiveness, field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify, in elite cold weather athletes, 909 impact of cigarette smoke on the normal airway transcriptome, May Supp., 115S interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease, 723 lung cancer detection in asymptomatic patients with airflow obstruction, May Supp., 163S lung density measurements in spontaneous pneumothorax demonstrate airtrapping, 2083 methacholine challenge testing: comparison of the two American Thoracic Society-recommended methods, 453 nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? 363 obstruction, chronic, development of, in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis: a prospective follow-up study, 1998 obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 obstruction, nonmalignant, high dose rate brachytherapy for: new treatment option, vol. 124:1605; clarification, vol. 125:356 preinvasive bronchial lesions: surveillance or intervention?, May Supp., 95S reactivity, effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and, in obese women, 2046 responses to inhaled allergen, effect of ozone exposure on, in asthmatic subjects, 2328 stenosis, grading, down to the segmental level using virtual bronchoscopy, 704 tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases, 1160 Airway pressure, mean: See Oxygenation Akt, activation of the Akt/nuclear factor- k B signaling axis in developing lung neoplasia, May Supp., 153S phospho-Akt overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer confers significant stage-independent survival disadvantage, May Supp., 152S tobacco carcinogen-induced cellular transformation increases Akt activation in vitro and in vivo , May Supp., 101S Alaska Natives, prevalence of asthma and chronic respiratory symptoms among children, 1665 Aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea, 112 Alendronate, recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 Alkalosis, metabolic, and cystic fibrosis, 1169 Allergies: See Hypersensitivity α 1 -antitrypsin: See Antitrypsin α-chemokines: See Chemokines Alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 Alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse: See Hemorrhage Alveolar partial oxygen pressure: See Oxygenation Alveolar macrophages: See Alveoli Alveoli, enhanced alveolar clearance with chest percussion therapy and positional changes during whole lung lavage for alveolar proteinosis, 2351 HIV-1 infection does not impair human alveolar macrophage phagocytic function unless combined with cigarette smoking, 1071 increase in alveolar nitric oxide in the presence of symptoms in childhood asthma, 1012 increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with pulmonary emphysema, 626 regulated gap junction-cytoskeletal associations in rat alveolar epithelial cells, May Supp., 110S relationship between single-breath diffusion capacity of the lung for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide during various exercise intensities, 1019 retrovirus-induced lung cancer: mechanisms of transformation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, May Supp., 106S Alveolitis, cryptogenic fibrosing; idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the concept of the trump card, 359 cyptogenic fibrosing; prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, 522 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 American College of Chest Physicians, balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 competencies in pulmonary procedures, 800 critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 exercise for fun and profit: joint statement on exercise by the American Thoracic Society and, 1 patient-focused care: the 2003 convocation speech, 1910 American Thoracic Society, critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 exercise for fun and profit: joint statement on exercise by the American College of Chest Physicians and, 1 methacholine challenge testing: comparison of the two recommended methods, 453 Amiodarone, acute pulmonary injury in association with, 1591 long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with current symptomatic atrial fibrillation: propafenone vs, both in low doses, 377 oral, long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion, combined with, for end-stage heart failure: a randomized double-blind study, 1198 to infuse or not? 1182 Amphetamines, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Amyloidosis, tracheobronchial: a case report of successful treatment with external beam radiation therapy, 784 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, efficacy of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation in medically stable patients with, 1400 Anaerobic training: See Exercise Analgesia: See also Pain; proper balance, 13 Anatomic evaluation of postural bronchial drainage of the lung with special reference to patients with tracheal intubation: which combination of postures provides the best simplification? 935 Anemia, life-threatening, a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with, from uterine bleeding, 1151 sickle cell, bronchial stricture and hemoptysis in a woman with sickle cell anemia, 766 sickle cell; top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Angina, chronic, prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with, 1124 unstable, paradoxical effect of smoking in the Spanish population with acute myocardial infarction or: results of the ARIAM register, 831 Angioplasty: See Coronary angioplasty Animal investigations: See also Laboratory and animal investigations; chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer: what animal studies tell us, May Supp., 128S Anoxemia, assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease, 368 successful aeromedical transport using inhaled prostacyclin for a patient with life-threatening hypoxemia, 1579 Anoxia, cardiac troponin T in obstructive sleep apnea, 2097 prolonged nitric oxide inhalation fails to regress hypoxic vascular remodeling in rat lung, 2247 respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Antibiotics, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S discontinuation policy, randomized controlled trial of, for clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1791 empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia guidelines for the perplexed? [β-lactams, macrolides, ketolides, doxycycline, quinolones], 1913 evaluating combination therapy in community-acquired pneumonia, 353 from “pro and con” debate to evidence-based practice: ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1600 guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia [macrolides, beta lactams, fluoroquinolones], 1888 macrolide; clinical similarities and differences between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated bronchiolitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis, 1239 macrolide; empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 macrolides as biologic response modifiers: immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, Feb. Supp., 41S–78S [effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, 41S; macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, asthma, and COPD, 52S; effects of subinhibitory concentrations of macrolide antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 62S; immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease, Feb. Supp., 70S] no more equivalence trials for, in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 resistance; epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in infants after cardiac surgery, 410 short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, 953 Anticholinergics, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 Anticoagulants: See also Heparin; evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency: a comparison of bleeding rates with unfractionated heparin vs enoxaparin, 856 long-term oral therapy, costs and clinical outcomes associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving, 1642 Antidepressants, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 simultaneous use of antihypertensive medications and, increases likelihood of diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1279 Antigens, influenza vaccination in vulnerable populations, 1971 Antihypertensive medications, simultaneous use of antidepressant and, increases likelihood of diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1279 Anti-inflammatory agents, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S macrolides as biologic response modifiers: immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, Feb. Supp., 41S–78S Antioxidants, airway antioxidants and oxidative stress as predictors of sputum atypia and airflow obstruction, May Supp., 127S oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats, 1500 Antiproteases, answer is fifteen percent: what is the question? 3 Antiretroviral therapy, highly active (HAART): See HIV infections Antitrypsin, α 1 , answer is fifteen percent: what is the question? 3 deficiency: more than a protease imbalance? 1605 genetics of COPD, 1929 Z, polymerizes in the lung and acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, 1952 Aorta, hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive, 1944 woman with chronic, unproductive cough and left lower lobe lung mass, 1148 APACHE, prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 Apnea: See Sleep apnea; Sleep apnea syndromes, obstructive Apnea-hypopnea index, acidification of distal esophagus and sleep-related breathing disturbances, 2101 prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study, 879 Apoptosis, associated molecules TNF/TNFRI and Fas/FasL, in sepsis, serum levels of, 2238 cytokines: the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 expression of adhesion molecules during, of circulating neutrophils in COPD, 1837 increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with pulmonary emphysema, 626 ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibit lung cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by stimulation of P21 expression, May Supp., 134S smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits, in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 Appliances, oral: See Equipment ARDS: See Respiratory distress syndrome, adult Arousal index, effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on platelet activation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1768 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, sleepiness, and quality of life, 2091 Arrhythmias, cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 influence of IV haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs, 1821 respiratory sinus: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Arterial blood gases: See Blood gas analysis Arterial oxygen pressure: See Oxygenation Arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal: See Carbon dioxide Artificial respiration: See Respiration, artificial Asbestos, development of lung tumors in mutant p53-expressing mice after inhalation exposure to asbestos, May Supp., 85S increased urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2 α is associated with lower plasma selenium levels and lower vegetable and fruit intake in an asbestos-exposed cohort at risk for lung cancer, May Supp., 83S -induced lung disease, changing patterns 744 malignant pleural mesothelioma: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 pleura and: a review, 1103 Asbestosis, why did the barber acquire [it]? 1594 Aspergillosis, pulmonary nodules in lung transplant recipients: etiology and outcome, 165 Aspen Lung Conference, May Supp., 79S–172S ( for detailed listing of presentations, see entry at Pulmonary neoplasms ) Aspiration, toxicity of Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No. 1 dye in critically ill patients, 793 Aspiration biopsy: See Biopsy Aspiration bronchiolitis, diffuse: See Bronchiolitis Aspiration pneumonia: See Pneumonia, aspiration Asthma: See also Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive; a school-based case identification process for identifying inner city children with: the Breathmobile program, 924 acute exacerbation, measuring health-related quality of life in adults during, 93 acute, in adults: a review, 1081 airway obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 allergic, predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with, 1378 breath condensate pH in children with CF and: a new non-invasive marker of airway inflammation? 2005 bronchial dilatation in: relation to clinical and sputum indices, 1352 cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with COPD and: a meta-analysis, 2309 childhood, increase in alveolar nitric oxide in the presence of symptoms in, 1012 cigarette smoking, emphysema, and, vol. 124:2408; erratum, vol. 125:1175 clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity, 446 coughing during mannitol challenge is associated with, 1985 effect of ozone exposure on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects, 2328 effects of a comprehensive school-based program on symptoms, parent management, grades, and absenteeism, 1674 effects of pranlukast administration on vascular endothelial growth factor levels in asthmatic patients, 1700 ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, 85 exacerbations and formoterol, 1590, 1591 extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing negative expiratory pressure, 98 field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes, 909 history of ear infections and prevalence of, in a national sample of children aged 2 to 11 years: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, 1685 increased arteriovenous carboxyhemoglobin differences in patients with inflammatory pulmonary diseases, 2160 increased responses to inhaled oxitropium bromide in asthmatic patients with active hepatitis C virus infection, 1368 influenza vaccination in vulnerable populations, 1971 long-term dosing effects of mediator antagonists in inhaled corticosteroid-treated atopic asthmatic patients, 1372 macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, COPD and, Feb. Supp., 52S methacholine challenge testing: comparison of the two American Thoracic Society-recommended methods, 453 mild-to-moderate, leukotriene modifier vs inhaled corticosteroid in: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 obesity and: a real connection or a casual association? 1972 prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and, among Alaska Native children, 1665 prospective multicenter study of relapse following emergency department treatment of COPD exacerbation, 473 survey of Medicaid recipients with: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 the epidemic has ended, or has it? 1969 tianeptine: a new exploratory therapy for, 348, 349 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 trends of, in Mexico: an 11-year analysis in a nationwide institution, 1993 variations in pediatric hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 work-related asthma-like symptoms among florists, 2336 Atelectasis, asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 Atopy, work-related asthma-like symptoms among florists, 2336 Atrial fibrillation, current symptomatic, long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with: amiodarone vs propafenone, both in low doses, 377 a 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of COPD and, 2340 lone, prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome in: a case-control study, 879 non-pharmacologic therapies coming of age, 1977 permanent, preoperative atrial size predicts the success of radiofrequency maze procedure for, in patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery, 2129 Atrial flutter, further insights into the prothrombotic state in mitral stenosis and, 2361, 2362, 2363 Atrioventricular block: See Heart block Atrium, left, increased circulating endothelin-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis: irrelevance to left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, 390 preoperative atrial size predicts the success of radiofrequency maze procedure for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery, 2129 Automobile driving, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, sleepiness, and quality of life, 2091 Autonomic nervous system, vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in postexercise heart rate recovery, 1186 Azithromycin, steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and, in older adults, 965 Bacteremia, hospital mortality for patients with, due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 607 Bacterial infections: See also Pneumonia; Gram-negative; epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in infants after cardiac surgery, 410 pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 Balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 Barber and asbestosis, 1594 Beclomethasone dipropionate, predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma, 1378 Beraprost, identical twins with primary pulmonary hypertension: epoprostenol vs, 1157 β-adrenergic agents: See entries at Adrenergic Beta-carotene, vitamin E supplementation and, and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers, 557 β-lactams, empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 Biofilms, effects of subinhibitory concentrations of macrolide antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Feb. Supp., 62S Bioimpedance, electrical: See Electrical impedance Biologic response modifiers, macrolides as: See Antibiotics Biology, molecular: See Molecular biology Biomarkers, comparison of six biological markers for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis, 987 markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 modulation of biomarkers during chemoprevention of mouse lung tumorigenesis by D-glucarate, May Supp., 149S Biopsy, conventional vs endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a randomized trial, 322 CT-guided transbronchial, using an ultrathin bronchoscope with virtual bronchoscopic navigation, 1138 diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, 527 education and experience improved the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center, 532 gene expression patterns, prognostic and diagnostic markers, and lung cancer biopsy, May Supp., 111S managing the small pulmonary nodule discovered by CT, 1522 open-lung, role of, in ARDS, 197 open-lung; to B or not to B? it still is the question, 5 percutaneous multiple-site parietal pleural: description and evaluation of a new and safe technique, 1776 prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, 522 pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: an unusual case and a review of the literature, 789 role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates, 712 Bird-years as well as pack-years [bird fanciers’ lung], 353 Bisphosphonates, recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 Blacks, ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, 85 sarcoidosis, race and short-term outcomes following lung transplantation, 990 smoking patterns in African Americans and whites with advanced COPD, 15 Blastomycosis, pulmonary, a 19-year-old man with nonresolving pneumonia, 330 Bleeding: See Hemorrhage Blood, alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 association between serum C-reactive protein elevation and left ventricular thrombus formation after first anterior myocardial infarction, 384 C-reactive protein in pneumonia: let me try again, 1192 clinical implications of appearance of pleural fluid at thoracentesis, 156 clinical utility of D-dimer in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and nondiagnostic lung scans or negative CT findings, 851 diagnosis of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures, 541 a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 607 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 increased plasma interleukin-6 is associated with the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1964, 1965 membrane and capillary components of diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide in pulmonary sarcoidosis: relation to exercise gas exchange, 2061 mycobacteria in pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, 354 plasma orexin-A levels in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 1963 pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 prognostic factors in the surgical management of pericardial effusion in the patient with concurrent malignancy, 1328 risk and severity of COPD is associated with the group-specific component of serum globulin 1F allele, 63 serum levels of KL-6 for predicting the occurrence of radiation pneumonitis after stereotactic radiotherapy for lung tumors, 340 serum levels of surfactant protein D are increased in mice with lung tumors, May Supp., 109S serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, TNF/TNFRI and Fas/FasL, in sepsis, 2238 starch and, in cardiac surgery, 2369 steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults, 965 Blood flow, coronary, impact of systemic BP on, and infarct size during reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction: refinements beyond the “plumbing,” 1179 coronary, moderate systemic hypotension during reperfusion reduces, and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 renal, increasing: low-dose dopamine or medium-dose norepinephrine, 2260 Blood gas analysis, preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 reversal of nocturnal periodic breathing in primary pulmonary hypertension after lung transplantation, 344 Blood pressure: See also Hypertension; effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis, 243 moderate systemic hypotension during reperfusion reduces the coronary blood flow and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 systemic, impact of, on coronary blood flow and infarct size during reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction: refinements beyond the “plumbing,” 1179 white coat hypertension and sleep apnea: is there a link? 805 Bloodstream infections: See Bacteremia; Septicemia Blood transfusions, infant, 799 large-volume, a 52-year-old man with pulmonary edema following, 1556 Blue dye: See Dyes Board review question of the month: See ACCP-SEEK board review question of the month Body fat, effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD, 2021 Body mass index: See also Obesity; a community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences, 127 asthma and obesity: a real connection or a casual association? 1972 influence of overweight on ICU mortality: a prospective study, 1441 prevalence and secular trends of excess body weight and impact on outcomes after myocardial infarction in the community, 1205 Body position: See Posture Body weight: See Body mass index; Obesity; Weight Bonaparte, Napoleon: See Napoleon Bonaparte Bone marrow transplantation: See also Stem cell transplantation; pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Bone mineral density, recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 Bones, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Bookshelf, Asthma: Social and Psychological Factors and Psychosomatic Syndromes , 2372 Handbook of Physiology, Section 2: the Cardiovascular System, Volume 1: The Heart , 1968 Imaging of the Chest: A Teaching File , 803 The Immunological Basis of Asthma , 1176 Interpretation of Pulmonary Function Tests: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed. , 2372 Interstitial Lung Diseases , 357 Life and Breath , 1597 Lung Transplantation , 1968 Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias , 1597 Non-Neoplastic Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract: Atlas of Nontumor Pathology , 1176 Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation , 803 Sleep Medicine Pearls , 357 BOOP: See Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia Bosentan in pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to systemic sclerosis, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:223S; clarification, vol. 125:356 Brachytherapy, high dose rate, for nonmalignant airway obstruction: new treatment option, vol. 124:1605; clarification, vol. 125:356 Bradykinin antagonists, new lung cancer drugs from bradykinin antagonists, May Supp., 148S Brain, cerebral oxygenation during exercise in cardiac patients, 182 natriuretic peptide; a 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of COPD and atrial fibrillation, 2340 natriuretic peptide in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone, 652 survival after prolonged submersion in freshwater in Florida, 1948 Brazil, decreased respiratory symptoms after intervention in artificially ventilated offices in Sao Paulo, 326 Breast neoplasms, massive calcified mass in the lung, vol. 124:2010; erratum, vol. 125:1175 metastatic, effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of, 1467 prognostic factors in the surgical management of pericardial effusion in the patient with concurrent malignancy, 1328 Breathing: See Respiration Breathlessness: See Dyspnea Breathmobile: See Asthma Bridging therapy: See Postoperative care Bronchi: See also Airway; chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis, 336 supraglottic hemangioma, bronchoscopy diagnostic of an atypical presentation of laryngeal stridor, associated with double vascular ring in an infant, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:324S; clarification, vol. 125:356 tracheobronchial amyloidosis: a case report of successful treatment with external beam radiation therapy, 784 Bronchial asthma: See Asthma Bronchial challenge: See Bronchial provocation Bronchial dilatation, in asthma: relation to clinical and sputum indices, 1352 Bronchial drainage, postural, of the lung, anatomic evaluation of, with special reference to patients with tracheal intubation: which combination of postures provides the best simplification? 935 Bronchial epithelial cells: See Airway Bronchial neoplasms, high prevalence of endobronchial malignancy in high-risk patients with moderate dysplasia in sputum, May Supp., 109S preinvasive bronchial lesions: surveillance or intervention?, May Supp., 95S tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases, 1160 Bronchial provocation, coughing during mannitol challenge is associated with asthma, 1985 geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in Canada, 1657 methacholine challenge testing: comparison of the two American Thoracic Society-recommended methods, 453 Bronchial responsiveness: See Airway Bronchial stenosis, balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 grading airway stenosis down to the segmental level using virtual bronchoscopy, 704 resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 Bronchial stricture and hemoptysis in a woman with sickle cell anemia, 766 Bronchiectasis, resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 survival of patients with, after the first ICU stay for respiratory failure, 1815 Bronchiolitis, diffuse aspiration, due to achalasia, 349, 350 diffuse panbronchiolitis; effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S diffuse panbronchiolitis; immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease, Feb. Supp., 70S human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated, clinical similarities and differences between diffuse panbronchiolitis and, 1239 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, “imitators” of ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 Bronchitis, chronic, acute exacerbations of, short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in, 953 chronic, airway obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 chronic, extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing negative expiratory pressure, 98 chronic, prevalence of COPD in Greece, 892 chronic, smoking patterns in African Americans and whites with advanced COPD, 15 chronic; genetics of COPD, 1929 chronic; no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 chronic; prevalence of asthma and chronic respiratory symptoms among Alaska Native children, 1665 eosinophilic, development of chronic airway obstruction in patients with: a prospective follow-up study, 1998 Bronchoalveolar lavage, enhanced alveolar clearance with chest percussion therapy and positional changes during whole lung lavage for alveolar proteinosis, 2351 “imitators” of ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 increased surfactant protein-A levels in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 617 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates, 712 Bronchoconstriction, exercise-induced; field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes, 909 Bronchodilatation, bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is absent in subjects with mild COPD, 2029 Bronchodilators, asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S effects of inhaled tiotropium bromide on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD, 1726 genetics of COPD, 1929 increased responses to inhaled oxitropium bromide in asthmatic patients with active hepatitis C virus infection, 1368 long-acting, are the first-choice option for the treatment of stable COPD, 9 long-acting, role of, in the management of stable COPD, 249 woman with COPD and fixed and dilated pupil following head trauma, 305 Bronchoprovocation: See Bronchial provocation Bronchoscopy, CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules, 1747 diagnosis of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures, 541 diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, 527 education and experience improved the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center, 532 fiberoptic, efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for, in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 fiberoptic; evaluating noisy breathing in children: how far down the airway should one look? 1184 fiberoptic, proper balance, 13 fiberoptic; prospective analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors of postbronchoscopy fever, 945 flexible, balloon dilatation using, for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 flexible fiberoptic, safety and efficacy of ketamine sedation for infants, 1132 flexible, role of, in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates, 712 interventional, for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease, 723 multicenter study comparing autofluorescence bronchoscopy to white light bronchoscopy using a non-laser light stimulation system, May Supp., 148S new and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction, 777 pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 virtual, grading airway stenosis down to the segmental level using, 704 Bronchoscopy (feature), bronchoscope reprocessing and infection prevention and control: bronchoscopy-specific guidelines are needed, 307 conventional vs endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a randomized trial, 322 CT-guided transbronchial biopsy using an ultrathin bronchoscope with virtual bronchoscopic navigation, 1138 efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 grading airway stenosis down to the segmental level using virtual bronchoscopy, 704 interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease, 723 role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates, 712 safety and efficacy of ketamine sedation for infant flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 1132 Buccal-lung comparison of quantitative expression of carcinogen and oxidant metabolism genes in human subjects, May Supp., 107S Budesonide, effects of, on overall 5-methylcytosine levels and specific methylation and messenger RNA expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in mouse lung tumors, May Supp., 157S Bulgaria, respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers, 802 Bullous emphysema: See Emphysema, bullous Burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 Bypass: See Cardiopulmonary bypass; Coronary artery bypass graft C-reactive protein, association between serum elevation [of] and left ventricular thrombus formation after first anterior myocardial infarction, 384 contribution of, to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia, 1335 in pneumonia: let me try again, 1192 rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, lowers interleukin-6 and, levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, 1610 Cadherin, potential role for activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and neural cadherin in metastasis to the lung microcirculation, May Supp., 150S Calcification, massive mass in the lung, vol. 124:2010; erratum, vol. 125:1175 Calcium, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 California, obstructive lung disease among the urban homeless [San Francisco], 1719 Canada, clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1183 geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in, 1657 guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia, 1888 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Cancer: See Neoplasms; Pulmonary neoplasms; names of specific types of cancer, eg , Carcinoma; and specific parts of the body affected, eg , Breast neoplasms Cancer recurrence: See Neoplasm recurrence Cancer staging: See Neoplasm staging Capillary wedge pressure: See Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Capnography, volumetric, as a screening test for pulmonary embolism in the emergency department, 841 Carbon dioxide: See also Hypercapnia; arteriovenous removal, smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with, 1472 normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents, 872 volumetric capnography as a screening test for pulmonary embolism in the emergency department, 841 Carbon monoxide, clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity, 446 clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 diffusing capacity; increased exhaled nitric oxide following autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a potential marker of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, 281 environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 increased arteriovenous carboxyhemoglobin differences in patients with inflammatory pulmonary diseases, 2160 membrane and capillary blood components of diffusion capacity of the lung for, in pulmonary sarcoidosis: relation to exercise gas exchange, 2061 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 relationship between single-breath diffusion capacity of the lung for nitric oxide and, during various exercise intensities, 1019 Carboxyhemoglobin, increased arteriovenous differences in patients with inflammatory pulmonary diseases, 2160 Carcinogenesis, cyclooxygenase-2 in lung carcinogenesis and chemoprevention: Roger S. Mitchell Lecture, May Supp., 134S p53: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis and molecular epidemiology, May Supp., 83S Carcinogens, buccal-lung comparison of quantitative expression of carcinogen and oxidant metabolism genes in human subjects, May Supp., 107S tobacco carcinogen-induced cellular transformation increases Akt activation in vitro and in vivo , May Supp., 101S Carcinoma, caveolin-1 is down-regulated in human lung carcinoma and acts as a candidate tumor suppressor gene, May Supp., 106S non-small cell, May Supp., 97S, 105S, 115S, 122S, 140S, 141S, 152S, 154S, 156S tracheobronchial adenoid cystic: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases, 1160 Cardiac arrhythmia: See Arrhythmias Cardiac hypertrophy, mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle are impaired in the rabbit with experimental cardiac pressure overload, 236 Cardiac index, accurate, noninvasive continuous monitoring of cardiac output by whole-body electrical bioimpedance, 1431 Cardiac output, accurate, noninvasive continuous monitoring of, by whole-body electrical bioimpedance, 1431 diastolic heart failure, 1588 Cardiac pressure overload: See Heart Cardiac rehabilitation: See Rehabilitation Cardiac surgery: See Heart surgery Cardiac tamponade, late, evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of, 2182 prognostic factors in the surgical management of pericardial effusion in the patient with concurrent malignancy, 1328 Cardiac transplantation: See Heart transplantation Cardiac troponin, elevations, common causes of, in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 T, in obstructive sleep apnea, 2097 timing of peak troponin T and creatine kinase-MB elevations after percutaneous coronary intervention, 275 Cardiac valves: See Heart valves Cardiogenic shock: See Shock, cardiogenic Cardiomyocytes, differential-display polymerase chain reaction identifies nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase as an ischemia/reperfusion-regulated gene in, 228 Cardiomyopathy, to infuse or not? 1182 Cardiopulmonary bypass, neurological complications after coronary artery bypass grafting related to the performance of, 2196 OPCAB vs CABG: who, what, when, where? 815 use of, during resection of locally advanced thoracic malignancies: a 10-year, two-center experience, 1581 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: See Exercise Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, survival after prolonged submersion in freshwater in Florida, 1948 Cardiopulmonary stress testing: See Exercise Cardiovascular diseases: See Heart diseases Cardiovascular system, effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 Caregiving, prevalence and outcomes of, after prolonged (≥ 48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU, 597 Castleman disease, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Catenin, γ-catenin expression is reduced or absent in a subset of human non-small cell lung cancers, and its re-expression inhibits cell growth, May Supp., 122S Catheters, atrial fibrillation: non-pharmacologic therapies coming of age, 1977 feasibility of routine pulmonary arterial impedance measurements in pulmonary hypertension, 2121 Cats, identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect, 2278 pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644 Caveolin-1 is down-regulated in human lung carcinoma and acts as a candidate tumor suppressor gene, May Supp., 106S CD8 + lymphocytes: See Lymphocytes CD11b (adhesion molecule): See Cell adhesion molecules CD62L (adhesion molecule): See Cell adhesion molecules CD117 (kit) protein, tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases, 1160 Cell adhesion molecules, [CD11b (Mac-1) and CD62L (L-selectin)], expression of adhesion molecules during apoptosis of circulating neutrophils in COPD, 1837 percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty reduces circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis, 1213 potential role for activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and neural cadherin in metastasis to the lung microcirculation, May Supp., 150S Cell death: See Apoptosis Cell-wall deficient mycobacteria: See Myocbacteria Cellulose fibers, lung function among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry, 731 Central nervous system, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Cerebrovascular system, cerebral oxygenation during exercise in cardiac patients, 182 Cervical spondylosis: See Spine Cervicomandibular support collar: See Equipment Chagas disease, advanced, exercise performance and skeletal muscles in patients with, 1306 Chemoattractants: See Neutrophils Chemokines, α-, alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and, in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD, 1706 receptor, CXCR2, mediates the tumorigenic effects of ELR+ CXC chemokines, May Supp., 133S CHEST , CHEST 2003 scientific highlights: abstracts of original investigations and case reports, tuberculosis: a modified quantiferon assay may help diagnose latent infection and hard-to-identify active disease, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:115S; clarification, vol. 125:356; bosentan in pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to systemic sclerosis, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:223S; clarification, vol. 125:356; significance of allogeneic blood transfusion on decreased survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:232S; clarification, vol. 125:356; bilateral pulmonary nodules secondary to leiomyomatosis, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:287S; clarification, vol. 125:356; supraglottic hemangioma, bronchoscopy diagnostic of an atypical presentation of laryngeal stridor, associated with double vascular ring in an infant, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:324S; clarification, vol. 125:356 lung cancer screening: response to Jerome Reich, MD, 350 re: contumacy vs mendacity revisited: response to Dr. Grannis’ letter, 351 Chest neoplasms, use of cardiopulmonary bypass during resection of locally advanced thoracic malignancies: a 10-year, two-center experience, 1581 Chest pain, abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with irregular pulse and, 775 unusual cause of, 1536 Chest percussion therapy, enhanced alveolar clearance with positional changes and, during whole lung lavage for alveolar proteinosis, 2351 Chest physiotherapy: See Physiotherapy Chest radiography: See Radiography; Roentgenogram of the month Chest tubes, anatomic evaluation of postural bronchial drainage of the lung with special reference to patients with tracheal intubation: which combination of postures provides the best simplification? 935 Chest wall, kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with COPD, 459 Children: See also Infants; adenotonsillectomy and sleep apnea in, 2363, 2364 aged 2 to 11 years, history of ear infections and prevalence of asthma in a national sample of: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, 1685 Alaska Native, prevalence of asthma and chronic respiratory symptoms among, 1665 asthmatic, in Connecticut, ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among, 85 breath condensate pH in children with CF and asthma: a new noninvasive marker of airway inflammation? 2005 concordance between parental and children's reports of parental smoking prompts, 429 effects of a comprehensive school-based asthma program on symptoms, parent management, grades, and absenteeism, 1674 efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 evaluating noisy breathing in: how far down the airway should one look? 1184 increase in alveolar nitric oxide in the presence of symptoms in childhood asthma, 1012 inner-city, with asthma, a school-based case identification process for identifying: the Breathmobile program, 924 normal polysomnographic respiratory values in adolescents and, 872 proper balance, 13 resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 sphincter pharyngoplasty as a treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbance, 864 survival after prolonged submersion in freshwater in Florida, 1948 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion with intrapleural streptokinase in, 566 use of the mechanical in-exsufflator in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease and impaired cough, 1406 variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 with cystic fibrosis, effects of anaerobic training in: a randomized controlled study, 1299 with noisy breathing, use of nasopharyngoscopy in the evaluation of, 1265 China, a community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences, 127 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 Chloride transport, a phase I trial of intranasal moli1901 for cystic fibrosis, 143 Chromosomes: See Genetics Chronic diseases, integrated health system for disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 integrated system for management: can we apply lessons learned from France? 365 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases: See Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive Chronotropic incompetence: See Heart rate Chyloptysis, in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis, 336 Cigarette smoking: See Smoking Clarithromycin, effects of subinhibitory concentrations of macrolide antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Feb. Supp., 62S macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, asthma, and COPD, Feb. Supp., 52S Cleft palate: See Velopharyngeal incompetence Clinical investigations in critical care, see Critical care, clinical investigations in Clinical pathways: See Guidelines CME: See Education, medical, continuing Coal worker's pneumoconiosis: See Pneumoconiosis Cocaine, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Cold water submersion: See Hypothermia Cold weather, elite athletes, field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in, 909 Collar, cervicomandibular support: See Equipment College, ACCP medical personnel services, Jan., pp. A-16, A-24, A-28, A-34, A-40, A-42, A-48; Feb., pp. A-16, A-19, A-28, A-33, A-39, A-44, A-46, A-49; Mar. pp. A-16, A-24, A28, A-34, A-40, A-42, A-48; Apr., pp. A-16, A-26, A-32, A-36, A-42, A-50, A-54, A-60; May, pp. A-16, A-24, A-28, A-40, A-44, A-50, A-54, A-58; June, pp. A-14, A-20, A-26, A-30, A-34, A-42, A-46, A-50 Coma, concussive clinical coincidence, 1593 Combination therapy, asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 evaluating, in community-acquired pneumonia, 353 Complications: See Postoperative complications; Pulmonary complications Computed tomography: See Tomography, computed Computerized reminder system, effect of a computerized system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism, 1635 Congestive heart failure: See Heart failure, congestive Connecticut, ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in, 85 Continuing medical education: See Education, medical, continuing Continuous positive airway pressure: See Positive airway pressure, continuous Contraceptives, oral, hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving, 1944 Convocation speech, 2003, American College of Chest Physicians, 1910 COPD: See Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive Coronary angioplasty, potential impact of primary percutaneous coronary intervention on ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction, 1622 Coronary artery, blood flow, moderate systemic hypotension during reperfusion reduces, and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 impact of systemic BP on coronary blood flow and infarct size during reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction: refinements beyond the “plumbing,” 1179 Coronary artery bypass graft, comparison of conservative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following surgery, 435 deep vein thrombosis among patients entering cardiac rehabilitation after, 191 evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 long-term beneficial effect of, in patients with COPD, 56 native matrix metalloproteinase characteristics may influence early stenosis of venous vs arterial, conduits, 1853 neurological complications after, related to the performance of cardiopulmonary bypass, 2196 off-pump, Novadaq SPY: intraoperative quality assessment in, 418 OPCAB vs CABG: who, what, when, where? 815 potassium supplementation, diet vs pills: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, 404 Coronary circulation, increasing renal blood flow: low-dose dopamine or medium-dose norepinephrine, 2260 Coronary disease, cardiac troponin T in obstructive sleep apnea, 2097 prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina, 1124 segmental early relaxation phenomenon: incidence, clinical characteristics, and significance in stress echocardiography, 1218 sleep, breathing, oxygen, and heart, 1596 timing of peak troponin T and creatine kinase-MB elevations after percutaneous coronary intervention, 275 Coronary syndromes, acute, brain natriuretic peptide in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone, 652 dosing practices and risk factors for bleeding in patients receiving enoxaparin for the treatment of, 1616 rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, lowers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in patients with, 1610 Corticosteroids: See also Aerosols; Nebulizers; acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 inhaled; asthma exacerbations and formoterol, 1590, 1591 inhaled; asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 inhaled, leukotriene modifier vs, in mild-to-moderate asthma: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 inhaled, long-term dosing effects of mediator antagonists in treated atopic asthmatic patients, 1372 [inhaled vs oral], treatment with inhaled flunisolide, 1961, 1962 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 sarcoidosis cycle, 1171, 1172 survey of Medicaid recipients with asthma: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 therapy, combined cyclophosphamide therapy and, does not alter survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 2169 Cosmetic blue dye: See Dyes Costs, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scan in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer, 1413 acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 clinical outcomes and, associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, 1642 daily routine chest radiographs, 1167, 1168 effect of three wound dressings on infection, healing comfort, and, in patients with sternotomy wounds: a randomized trial, 43 hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure, 220 integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 tracheostomy for respiratory failure: we need more answers, 7 treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in an employed population, 2140 use of a clinical pathway to manage unsuspected radiographic findings, 1753 variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and, between and within Nordic countries, 1680 Cough, chronic, gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients complaining of, 482 development of chronic airway obstruction in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis: a prospective follow-up study, 1998 during mannitol challenge is associated with asthma, 1985 efficacy of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation in medically stable patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1400 impaired, use of the mechanical in-exsufflator in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease and, 1406 prevalence of asthma and chronic respiratory symptoms among Alaska Native children, 1665 respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site, 1248 woman with chronic, unproductive, and left lower lobe lung mass, 1148 COX-2: See Cyclooxygenase CPAP: See Positive airway pressure, continuous CPR: See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Creatine, erythrocyte, evaluation of intravascular hemolysis with, in patients with cardiac valve prosthesis, 2115 Creatine kinase-MB, elevations, timing of peak troponin T and, after percutaneous coronary intervention, 275 Critical care, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 anorexia protocolis, 1195 common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 crisis in the United States: a report from the profession, 1514 cytokines: the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 daily routine chest radiographs, 1167, 1168 ICU admission for anterior myocardial infarction with shortness of breath, 1577 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 intensive care of patients with HIV infection: HAART warming improvement but beware of future HAART (and heart) attacks, 1602 medicine, crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 toxicity of Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No. 1 dye in critically ill patients, 793 Critical care, clinical investigations in, accurate, noninvasive continuous monitoring of cardiac output by whole-body electrical bioimpedance, 1431 alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 association between the TNF-2 allele and a better survival from cardiogenic shock, 2232 educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects, 2224 emphysema and pneumothorax after percutaneous tracheostomy: case reports and an anatomic study, 1805 ENHANCE US: a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in severe sepsis, 2206 hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure, 220 hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 607 influence of overweight on ICU mortality: a prospective study 1441 intensive care in patients with HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1800 new oxygenation index for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 592 outcome of coal worker's pneumoconiosis with acute respiratory failure, 1052 outcome of lung transplant patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 outcomes in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of an evidence-based nutritional management protocol, 1446 polymorphism in the surfactant protein-B gene, gender, and the risk of direct pulmonary injury and ARDS, 203 prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 prevalence and outcomes of caregiving after prolonged (≥ 48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU, 597 randomized controlled trial of an antibiotic discontinuation policy for clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1791 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 role of open-lung biopsy in ARDS, 197 safety of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, 1059 serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, TNF/TNFRI and Fas/FasL, in sepsis, 2238 survival of patients with bronchiectasis after the first ICU stay for respiratory failure, 1815 tracheostomy tube enabling speech during mechanical ventilation, 1046 transpyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill patients using electromyogram and erythromycin infusion, 587 treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure: integrated use of negative pressure ventilation and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, 2217 Critical care pearls: See Pulmonary and critical care pearls Critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 Critical care reviews, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews, 798, 799 Cross-infection: See also Pneumonia, nosocomial; dispersal of respiratory droplets with open vs closed oxygen delivery masks: implications for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome, 1155 Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: See Alveolitis CT: See Tomography, computed CXC-chemokines: See Chemokines Cyanosis, assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease, 368 Cyclooxygenase-2, -dependent expression of survivin in non-small cell lung cancer, May Supp., 140S in lung carcinogenesis and chemoprevention: Roger S. Mitchell Lecture, May Supp., 134S rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, lowers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, 1610 spinal prostaglandin formation and pain perception following thoracotomy: a role for, 1321 Cyclophosphamate, therapy, combined corticosteroid therapy and, does not alter survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 2169 Cylinders, suction: See Equipment Cysteinyl-leukotrienes: See Leukotrienes Cystic fibrosis, adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S analysis of tidal breathing profiles in COPD and, 901 breath condensate pH in children with asthma and: a new noninvasive marker of airway inflammation? 2005 effects of anaerobic training in children with: a randomized controlled study, 1299 immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease, Feb. Supp., 70S metabolic alkalosis and, 1169 phase I trial of intranasal moli1901 for, 143 pulmonary function and sputum production in patients with: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and standard chest physiotherapy, 1507 recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 repeatability of forced expiratory volume measurements in adults with, 150 repeated adeno-associated virus serotype 2 aerosol-mediated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene transfer to the lungs of patients with: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 509 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Cystic lung diseases, diffuse: See Pulmonary diseases Cytokines, anti-inflammatory, hypothermia induces, and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with nitric oxide in an in situ porcine model of normothermic lung ischemia, 2253 effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis, 243 the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 Cytology, improved diagnostic sensitivity for lung cancer using an automated quantitative cytology system and uridine 5'-triphosphate-induced sputum specimens, May Supp., 157S Cytology needle, Wang 22-gauge: See Biopsy Cytomegalovirus, survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 D-dimer, clinical utility of, in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and nondiagnostic lung scans or negative CT findings, 851 for suspected pulmonary embolism: whom should we test? 807 d-glucarate: See Glucarate Death, sudden: See also Mortality; cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 Deep vein thrombosis: See Thrombosis, deep vein Dendritic cells, selective suppression of dendritic cell functions by cigarette smoke extract, May Supp., 107S Denmark, variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 Depreotide scintigraphy (technetium-99m depreotide scintigraphy): See Scintigraphy Depression, prevalence and outcomes of caregiving after prolonged (≥ 48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU, 597 simultaneous use of antidepressant and antihypertensive medications increases likelihood of diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1279 Developing countries, making an impossible mission possible, 293 Devices, medical: See Equipment Dextran, a 52-year-old man with pulmonary edema following large-volume transfusion, 1556 Diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S type 2 patients, altered exercise gas exchange as related to microalbuminuria in, 1292 uncompensated type II, uncontrolled hypertension, and smoking have different patterns of vascular dysfunction, 823 Diagnosis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the concept of the trump card, 359 pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and non-invasive procedures, 541 Diagnostic errors: See Spirometry Diagnostic imaging: See Imaging techniques Diagnostic yield, D-dimer for suspected pulmonary embolism: whom should we test? 807 Diaphragm, effect of lung volume reduction surgery on neuromechanical coupling at 2 years, 2188 paralysis, unusual cause of dyspnea in a 77-year-old man, 770 plication for diaphragmatic eventration; a simple technique, not a simple problem, 1170 severe weakness, influence of immersion in water on muscle function and breathing pattern in patients with, 2069 Diastole, heart failure, 1588 segmental early relaxation phenomenon: incidence, clinical characteristics, and significance in stress echocardiography, 1218 DIDASCO study, 1394 Diet, potassium supplementation, pills vs: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, 404 Diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid, comparison of lung deposition in two types of nebulization: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation vs jet nebulization, 502 Differential Diagnosis Between Asthma and COPD (DIDASCO study), 1394 Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: See Hemorrhage Diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis: See Bronchiolitis Diffuse cystic lung diseases: See Pulmonary diseases Diffusing capacity of the lung: See Carbon monoxide Dilated pupil: See Eye Dimer, D-, clinical utility of, in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and nondiagnostic lung scans or negative CT findings, 851 for suspected pulmonary embolism: whom should we test? 807 Disability, can a standardized acupuncture technique palliate disabling breathlessness: a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 1783 Disasters, respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center site, 1248 symptoms, respirator use, and pulmonary function changes among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center disaster, 1256 Diuretics, potassium supplementation, diet vs pills: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, 404 DNA: See Genetics Dobutamine, long-term intermittent infusion, combined with oral amiodarone for end-stage heart failure: a randomized double-blind study, 1198 to infuse or not? 1182 Dogs, anesthetized, influence of IV haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in, 1821 can exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema? 288 differential-display polymerase chain reaction identifies nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase as an ischemia/reperfusion-regulated gene in cardiomyocytes, 228 lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in lung volume reduction surgery, 361 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Dopamine, low-dose, or medium-dose norepinephrine: increasing renal blood flow, 2260 Doppler echocardiography: See Echocardiography Doxycycline, empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 Driving: See Automobile driving Drotrecogin alfa, (activated) extended evaluation of recombinant human activated protein C United States trial: a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of, in severe sepsis, 2206 Drowning, survival after prolonged submersion in freshwater in Florida, 1948 Drug concentrations, steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults, 965 Drug reactions, acute pulmonary injury in association with amiodarone, 1591 a 52-year-old man with pulmonary edema following large-volume transfusion, 1556 Drug research, no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 Drug resistance: See also Antibiotics, resistance; empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia: guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 Drug toxicity: See Drug reactions Drugs: See also Antibiotics; new lung cancer drugs from bradykinin antagonists, May Supp., 148S Duchenne muscular dystrophy: See Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne Duke treadmill score, 1920 Dust, clay dye “sendo,” pneumoconiosis in rush mat workers exposed to: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients, 737 lung function among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry, 731 respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers, 802 DVT: See Thrombosis, deep vein Dyes, CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules, 1747 toxicity of Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No. 1 dye in critically ill patients, 793 Dysphagia, after Heimlich maneuver, 302 diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis due to achalasia, 349, 350 Dyspnea, assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease, 368 brain natriuretic peptide in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone, 652 can a standardized acupuncture technique palliate disabling breathlessness: a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 1783 chest wall kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with COPD, 459 comparison of continuous and discrete measurements of, during exercise in patients with COPD and normal subjects, 77 ICU admission for anterior myocardial infarction with shortness of breath, 1577 relief, nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to? 363 unusual cause of, in a 77-year-old man, 770 Ear infections, history of, and prevalence of asthma in a national sample of children aged 2 to 11 years: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, 1685 EBUS (endobronchial ultrasound): See Ultrasound Echocardiography, Doppler; feasibility of routine pulmonary arterial impedance measurements in pulmonary hypertension, 2121 stress, segmental early relaxation phenomenon: incidence, clinical characteristics, and significance in, 1218 transthoracic; evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 Edema, pulmonary: See Pulmonary edema Education, experience and, improved the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center, 532 Education, medical, continuing, macrolides as biologic response modifiers: immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, Feb. Supp., 41S–78S Educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects, 2224 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: See Tomography, positron emission Ejection fraction, left ventricular: See Ventricle, left Elastases, oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats, 1500 Elderly: See Age and aging Electrical impedance, accurate, noninvasive continuous monitoring of cardiac output by whole-body bioimpedance, 1431 Electrical injuries, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Electrical stimulation, peripheral muscle strength training in patients with COPD, 1589, 1590 Electroanatomic mapping: See Imaging techniques Electrocardiography, abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and irregular pulse, 775 clinical value of, in noncardiac conditions [long QT syndrome], 1561 corrected QT dispersion and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 2107 QT dispersion: much ado about something? 1974 score predicts those with the greatest percentage of perfusion defects due to acute pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 1651 Electrolytes, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 hypokalemia among patients receiving treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 974 Electromyography, transpyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill patients using electromyogram and erythromycin infusion, 587 Electrophysiology, atrial fibrillation: nonpharmacologic therapies coming of age, 1977 ELISA, D-dimer for suspected pulmonary embolism: whom should we test? 807 Embolism, pulmonary: See Pulmonary embolism Emergency care, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 prospective multicenter study of relapse following emergency department treatment of COPD exacerbation, 473 volumetric capnography as a screening test for pulmonary embolism in the emergency department, 841 Emphysema: See also Lung volume reduction; Lung volume reduction surgery; Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive; airway obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency: more than a protease imbalance? 1605 assessment of, in COPD: a functional and radiologic study, 1714 bullous; dysphagia after Heimlich maneuver, 302 cigarette smoking, asthma and, vol. 124:2408; erratum, vol. 125: 1175 effect of lung volume reduction surgery on diaphragmatic neuromechanical coupling at 2 years, 2188 functional analysis in single-lung transplant recipients: a comparative study of high-resolution CT, 3 He-MRI, and pulmonary function tests, 173 genetics of COPD, 1929 lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in lung volume reduction surgery, 361 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 new and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction, 777 prevalence of COPD in Greece, 892 pulmonary, can exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with? 288 pulmonary, increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with, 626 pulmonary, oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced, in rats, 1500 smoking patterns in African Americans and whites with advanced COPD, 15 [subcutaneous], pneumothorax and, after percutaneous tracheostomy: case reports and an anatomic study, 1805 Z α 1 -antitrypsin polymerizes in the lung and acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, 1952 Emphysematous bulla: See Emphysema, bullous Employed population, treatment costs of community-acquired pneumonia in, 2140 End-of-life care: See Terminal care Endobronchial brachytherapy: See Brachytherapy Endobronchial sarcoidosis: See Sarcoidosis Endobronchial ultrasound: See Ultrasound Endoscopy, routine chest radiographs after endoscopically guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, 1173 Endothelial growth factor: See Vascular endothelial growth factor Endothelin-1, increased circulating, in rheumatic mitral stenosis: irrelevance to left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, 390 Endothelium, uncontrolled hypertension, uncompensated type II diabetes, and smoking have different patterns of vascular dysfunction, 823 Endotoxemia, hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 Endurance training: See Exercise English language, locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews, 798, 799 ENHANCE (Extended Evaluation of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C), 2206 Enoxaparin, anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency: a comparison of bleeding rates with unfractionated heparin vs, 856 dosing practices and risk factors for bleeding in patients receiving, for the treatment of an acute coronary syndrome, 1616 Enteral feeding, toxicity of Food Drug and Cosmetic Blue No. 1 dye in critically ill patients, 793 transpyloric placement in critically ill patients using electromyogram and erythromycin infusion, 587 Environmental exposure: See also Occupational and environmental lung disease (feature); asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 bird-years as well as pack-years, 353 effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer, 1467 environmental causes of lung cancer: what do we know in 2003? May Supp., 80S environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in Canada, 1657 malignant pleural mesothelioma: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 matrix metalloproteinases activity in COPD associated with wood smoke, 466 Environmental lung disease (feature): See Occupational and environmental lung disease (feature) Eosinophilic bronchitis: See Bronchitis Eosinophilic cationic protein, leukotriene modifier vs inhaled corticosteroid in mild-to-moderate asthma: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 Epidemics: See Public health Epithelial cells, bronchial: See Airway Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide, alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: See Hemangioendothelioma Epoprostenol, effects of, on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in pulmonary hypertension, 572 identical twins with primary pulmonary hypertension: beraprost vs, 1157 Epoxide hydrolase, genetics of COPD, 1929 Epstein-Barr virus, survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Equipment, bronchoscope reprocessing and infection prevention and control: bronchoscopy-specific guidelines are needed, 307 comparison of lung deposition in two types of nebulization: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation vs jet nebulization, 502 CT-guided transbronchial biopsy using an ultrathin bronchoscope with virtual bronchoscopic navigation, 1138 diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, 527 dispersal of respiratory droplets with open vs closed oxygen delivery masks: implications for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome, 1155 evaluation of the accuracy of SNAP technology sleep sonography in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in adults compared to standard polysomnography, 886 is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 lack of efficacy for a cervicomandibular support collar in the management of obstructive sleep apnea, 118 lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in lung volume reduction surgery, 361 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new [vacuum-assisted] surgical system, 633 mandibular advancement devices in 630 men and women with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: tolerability and predictors of treatment success, 1270 mandibular advancement titration for obstructive sleep apnea: optimization of the procedure by combining clinical and oximetric parameters, 1761 new and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction, 777 new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules, 2289 Novadaq SPY: intraoperative quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, 418 pacemakers; chronotropic incompetence in a young adult: case report and literature review, 297 pacing wire; abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and irregular pulse, 775 pulmonary function and sputum production in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and standard chest physiotherapy, 1507 symptoms, pulmonary function changes and respirator use among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center disaster, 1256 Erythrocytes, creatine, evaluation of intravascular hemolysis with, in patients with cardiac valve prosthesis, 2115 Erythromycin, infusion, transpyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill patients using electromyogram and, 587 macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, asthma, and COPD, Feb. Supp., 52S Erythropoietin, a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 Esophageal neoplasms, significance of allogeneic blood transfusion on decreased survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:232S; clarification, vol. 125:356 Esophagus, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 distal, acidification of, and sleep-related breathing disturbances, 2101 Ethics, SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 treatment with inhaled flunisolide, 1961, 1962 Ethnic groups, ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, 85 prevalence of asthma and chronic respiratory symptoms among Alaska Native children, 1665 sarcoidosis, race and short-term outcomes following lung transplantation, 990 smoking patterns in African Americans and whites with advanced COPD, 15 Europe, guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia, 1888 variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 Evidence-based medicine, clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1183 from “pro and con” debate to evidence-based practice: ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1600 outcomes in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of nutritional management protocol, 1446 Exercise, altered gas exchange as related to microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients, 1292 association of an abnormal heart rate recovery with pulmonary function abnormalities, 1286 capacity, assessment of symptoms and, in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease, 368 cerebral oxygenation during, in cardiac patients, 182 clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1183 comparison of continuous and discrete measurements of dyspnea during, in patients with COPD and normal subjects, 77 effect of lung volume reduction surgery on diaphragmatic neuromechanical coupling at 2 years, 2188 effects of anaerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled study, 1299 effects of whole-body training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD, 2021 endurance and strength training in patients with COPD, 2036 field, vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes, 909 for fun and profit [cardiopulmonary exercise testing]: joint statement on exercise by the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, 1 gas exchange, membrane and capillary blood components of diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide in pulmonary sarcoidosis: relation to, 2061 performance and skeletal muscles in patients with advanced Chagas disease, 1306 prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina, 1124 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 test determinants of survival after cardiac transplantation, clinical determinants and, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 test, effect of age and end point on the prognostic value of, 1920 tolerance; actual and predicted postoperative changes in lung function after pneumonectomy: a retrospective analysis, 1735 vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in postexercise heart rate recovery, 1186 various intensities [of], relationship between single-breath diffusion capacity of the lung for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide during, 1019 Exercise and the heart (feature), chronotropic incompetence in a young adult: case report and literature review, 297 clinical and exercise test determinants of survival after cardiac transplantation, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 effect of age and end point on the prognostic value of the exercise test, 1920 prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina, 1124 Exogenous lipoid pneumonia: See Pneumonia Expiratory flow, effect of heliox breathing on dynamic hyperinflation in COPD patients, 2075 extrathoracic, limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing negative expiratory pressure, 98 Expiratory flow, peak: See Peak expiratory flow Exsufflation: See Cough Extended Evaluation of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C (ENHANCE), 2206 External beam radiation therapy: See Radiotherapy Extracellular matrix-associated fibronectin: See Fibronectin Extravascular lung water: See Lung Eye, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome complicating oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 334 woman with COPD and fixed and dilated pupil following head trauma, 305 Family, concordance between parental and children's reports of parental smoking prompts, 429 effects of a comprehensive school-based asthma program on symptoms, parent management, grades, and absenteeism, 1674 environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 identical twins with primary pulmonary hypertension: beraprost vs epoprostenol, 1157 lung cancer risk in relatives of early-onset lung cancer cases, May Supp., 89S patient-focused care: the 2003 American College of Chest Physicians convocation speech, 1910 prevalence and outcomes of caregiving after prolonged (≥ 48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU, 597 Fas, cytokines: the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, TNF/TNFRI and Fas/FasL, in sepsis, 2238 Fat-free mass, effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD, 2021 FDG-PET: See Tomography, positron emission Feeding tubes: See Enteral feeding Femoral vein, increased circulating endothelin-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis: irrelevance to left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, 390 FEV: See Forced expiratory volume Fever, postbronchoscopy, prospective analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors of, 945 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 Fexofenadine, long-term dosing effects of mediator antagonists in inhaled corticosteroid-treated atopic asthmatic patients, 1372 Fibers, cellulose: See Cellulose fibers Fibrinolysis, effect of repeated thoracenteses on fibrinolytic activity in malignant pleural effusion, 1965, 1966 treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion with intrapleural streptokinase in children, 566 Fibronectin, extracellular matrix-associated, expression and transforming growth factor-β 1 in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1063 Fibrosing alveolitis, cryptogenic: See Alveolitis Fibrous tumors, pleural: See Pleural neoplasms Finland, variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 Firefighters: See Occupational exposure Fixed pupil: See Eye Florida, survival after prolonged submersion in freshwater in, 1948 Florists, work-related asthma-like symptoms among, 2336 Flow-type spirometers: See Spirometry Flunisolide, inhaled, treatment with, 1961, 1962 Fluorodeoxyglucose PET (18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography): See Tomography, positron emission Fluoroquinolones, Legionella pneumonia: the spectrum continues to expand, 1979 levofloxacin efficacy in the treatment of community-acquired legionellosis, 2135 Fluoroscopy-guided CT: See Tomography, computed FOCCUS task force, 1512, 1514, 1518 Food: See Nutrition Forced expiratory flow, term ambiguity, 797 Forced expiratory volume: See also Pulmonary function; actual and predicted postoperative changes in lung function after pneumonectomy: a retrospective analysis, 1735 do we really want to know why only some smokers get COPD? 1599 genetics of COPD, 1929 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 repeatability of measurements [of], in adults with cystic fibrosis, 150 Forced oscillation, respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site, 1248 Forced vital capacity: See Vital capacity, forced Foreign body aspiration, dysphagia after Heimlich maneuver, 302 an 85-year-old man with a lung mass, 1121 Formoterol, asthma exacerbations and, 1590, 1591 long-acting bronchodilators are the first-choice option for the treatment of stable COPD, 9 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 Framing Options for Critical Care in the United States: See FOCCUS task force France, integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from, 695 integrated system for chronic disease management: can we apply lessons learned from? 365 Freshwater submersion: See Hypothermia Fungal infections: See also Blastomycosis; pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 sarcoidosis cycle, 1171, 1172 Gambia, making an impossible mission possible, 293 γ-interferon: See Interferon-γ Gas exchange: See Pulmonary gas exchange Gastroesophageal reflux, diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis due to achalasia, 349, 350 Gastrointestinal disorders, prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 Gastrointestinal system, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Gemfloxacin, no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 Gender factors: See Men; Women General practice, office spirometry significantly improves early detection of COPD in: the DIDASCO study, 1394 Genetics, answer is fifteen percent: what is the question? 3 class prediction of lung nodule gene expression profiles, May Supp., 104S construction and optimization of chromosome arm-specific comparative genomic hybridization arrays for identifying genetic alterations in preinvasive lung cancers, May Supp., 104S epigenetics in lung cancer: focus on progression and early lesions, May Supp., 119S gene expression patterns, prognostic and diagnostic markers, and lung cancer biopsy, May Supp., 111S gene expression profiling identifies matriptase overexpression in malignant mesothelioma, 1843 genetic predisposition to lung cancer, May Supp., 86S identical twins with primary pulmonary hypertension: beraprost vs epoprostenol, 1157 identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect, 2278 lung cancer risk in relatives of early-onset lung cancer cases, May Supp., 89S malignant pleural mesothelioma: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 molecular classification of lung cancer: a cross-platform comparison of gene expression data sets, May Supp., 103S of COPD, 1929 polymorphism in the surfactant protein-B gene, gender, and the risk of direct pulmonary injury and ARDS, 203 risk and severity of COPD is associated with the group-specific component of serum globulin 1F allele, 63 serial analysis of gene expression profiles of developmental stages in non-small cell lung carcinoma, May Supp., 97S use of standardized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the standardized expression measurement center in multiinstitutional trials to develop meaningful lung cancer classification based on molecular genetic criteria, May Supp., 155S Genomes: See Genetics Geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in Canada, 1657 Germany, lung function among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry, 731 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 9, 249 Global Initiative for Lung Disease, nebulized opioids use in COPD, 691 Globulin, risk and severity of COPD is associated with the group-specific component of serum globulin 1F allele, 63 [vitamin D-binding protein], answer is fifteen percent: what is the question? 3 Glucarate, mechanisms of lung cancer chemoprevention by D-glucarate, May Supp., 149S modulation of biomarkers during chemoprevention of mouse lung tumorigenesis by D-glucarate, May Supp., 149S Glucocorticoids, recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 Glutathione-S-transferase, genetics of COPD, 1929 Goblet cells, effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S Grades: See Schools Graft rejection, survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Gram-negative bacteria: See Bacterial infections, Gram-negative Grannis, Frederic W., lung cancer screening: response to Jerome Reich, MD, 350 re: contumacy vs mendacity revisited: response to Dr. Grannis’ letter, 351 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, alveolar, and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 Greece, prevalence of COPD in, 892 Growth factors: See Insulin-like growth factor; Transforming growth factor β; Vascular endothelial growth factor Growth-related oncogene alpha, 1706 Guidelines, anorexia protocolis, 1195 balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 bronchoscopy-specific, are needed: bronchoscope reprocessing and infection prevention and control, 307 competencies in pulmonary procedures, 800 empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia: guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia, 1888 hypokalemia among patients receiving treatment for multidrug- resistant tuberculosis, 974 methacholine challenge testing: comparison of the two American Thoracic Society-recommended methods, 453 nebulized opioids use in COPD, 691 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 top ten list in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1885 use of a clinical pathway to manage unsuspected radiographic findings, 1753 H37, evaluation of H37 , a candidate 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene, as a therapeutic and diagnostic marker in lung cancer, May Supp., 102S HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy): See HIV infections Haloperidol, IV, influence of, on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs, 1821 Head trauma, woman with COPD and fixed and dilated pupil following head trauma, 305 Healing, wound: See Wound healing Health care delivery system, integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 Health care personnel, critical care crisis in the United States: a report from the profession, 1514 critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 Health manpower: See Health care personnel; Physicians Health-related quality of life: See Quality of life Heart: See also Ventricle; headings beginning with Cardiac; Cardio…; Myocardial; cardiac troponin T in obstructive sleep apnea, 2097 cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 cerebral oxygenation during exercise in cardiac patients, 182 corrected QT dispersion and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 2107 deep vein thrombosis among patients entering cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery, 191 hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle are impaired in the rabbit with experimental cardiac pressure overload, 236 prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina, 1124 sleep, breathing, oxygen, and 1596 vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in postexercise heart rate recovery, 1186 Heart atrium, left: See Atrium, left Heart attack: See Myocardial infarction Heart block, abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and irregular pulse, 775 Heart diseases, congenital, assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with, 368 intensive care of patients with HIV infection: HAART warming improvement but beware of future HAART (and heart) attacks, 1602 making an impossible mission possible, 293 prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 QT dispersion: much ado about something? 1974 Heart failure, common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 diastolic, 1588 end stage; to infuse or not? 1182 left, pulmonary manifestations of, 669 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 Heart failure, congestive, accurate, noninvasive continuous monitoring of cardiac output by whole-body electrical bioimpedance, 1431 brain natriuretic peptide in the management of: the versatile neurohormone, 652 cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and: a meta-analysis, 2309 exercise performance and skeletal muscles in patients with advanced Chagas disease, 1306 long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion, combined with oral amiodarone for end-stage heart failure: a randomized double-blind study, 1198 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 Heart rate, association of an abnormal exercise recovery with pulmonary function abnormalities, 1286 chronotropic incompetence in a young adult: case report and literature review, 297 recovery, postexercise, vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in, 1186 respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Heart septum, potential impact of primary percutaneous coronary intervention on ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction, 1622 Heart surgery: See also Coronary artery bypass graft atrial fibrillation: non-pharmacologic therapies coming of age, 1977 blood and starch in cardiac surgery, 2369 concomitant valvular, preoperative atrial size predicts the success of radiofrequency maze procedure for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing, 2129 effect of three wound dressings on infection, healing comfort, and cost in patients with sternotomy wounds: a randomized trial, 43 epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in infants after cardiac surgery, 410 evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 ICU admission for anterior myocardial infarction with shortness of breath, 1577 new oxygenation index for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 592 OPCAB vs CABG: who, what, when, where? 815 potassium supplementation, diet vs pills: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, 404 use of novel nonfluoroscopic three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system to monitor and analyze, in animal models, 1830 Heart transplantation, clinical and exercise test determinants of survival after, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 Heart valves, evaluation of intravascular hemolysis with erythrocyte creatine in patients with cardiac valve prosthesis, 2115 evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 further insights into the prothrombotic state in mitral stenosis and atrial flutter, 2361, 2362, 2363 ICU admission for anterior myocardial infarction with shortness of breath, 1577 increased circulating endothelin-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis: irrelevance to left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, 390 mechanism of reducing platelet activity by percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, 1629 percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty reduces circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis, 1213 preoperative atrial size predicts the success of radiofrequency maze procedure for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery, 2129 [rheumatic mitral stenosis], 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of COPD and atrial fibrillation, 2340 Heart ventricles: See Ventricle, left; Ventricle, right Heimlich maneuver, dysphagia after, 302 Helicopters: See Air transport Heliox, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 effect of, breathing on dynamic hyperinflation in COPD patients, 2075 Helium-3 MRI: See Magnetic resonance imaging Helium-oxygen: See Heliox Hemangioendothelioma, pulmonary epithelioid: an unusual case and a review of the literature, 789 Hemangioma, supraglottic, bronchoscopy diagnostic of an atypical presentation of laryngeal stridor, associated with double vascular ring in an infant, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:324S; clarification, vol. 125:356; Heme oxygenase, genetics of COPD, 1929 Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis: See Diaphragmatic paralysis Hemodynamics, clinical and exercise test determinants of survival after cardiac transplantation, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 neurological complications after coronary artery bypass grafting related to the performance of cardiopulmonary bypass, 2196 Hemodynamics, pulmonary: See Pulmonary circulation Hemolysis, intravascular, evaluation of, with erythrocyte creatine in patients with cardiac valve prosthesis, 2115 Hemoptysis, bronchial stricture and, in a woman with sickle cell anemia, 766 in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive, 1944 Hemorrhage, anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency: a comparison of bleeding rates with unfractionated heparin vs enoxaparin, 856 diffuse alveolar; “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 dosing practices and risk factors for bleeding in patients receiving enoxaparin for the treatment of an acute coronary syndrome, 1616 extended evaluation of recombinant human activated protein C United States trial: a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in severe sepsis, 2206 a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 prospective analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors of postbronchoscopy fever, 945 Heparin, costs and clinical outcomes associated with low-molecular-weight vs unfractionated, for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, 1642 low-molecular-weight; dosing practices and risk factors for bleeding in patients receiving enoxaparin for the treatment of an acute coronary syndrome, 1616 unfractionated, comparison of bleeding rates with enoxaparin vs; anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency, 856 Hepatitis C virus, active infection, increased responses to inhaled oxitropium bromide in asthmatic patients with, 1368 Hepatocytes, elevated hepatocyte growth factor level correlates with poor outcome in early-stage and late-stage adenocarcinoma of the lung, May Supp., 116S High dose rate endobronchial brachytherapy: See Brachytherapy High-resolution computed tomography: See Tomography, computed, high-resolution Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): See HIV infections Hilar lymphadenopathy: See Lymphadenopathy Hispanic Americans, concordance between parental and children's reports of parental smoking prompts, 429 Histiocytosis, Langerhans cell, diffuse cystic lung diseases: correlation between radiologic and functional status, 135 pulmonary Langerhans cell, pneumothorax in, 1028 Histology, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the concept of the trump card, 359 prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, 522 Histoplasmosis, progressive disseminated; sarcoidosis cycle, 1171, 1172 History, apnea and, 1587, 1588 HIV infections, intensive care in patients with, in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1800 intensive care of patients with: HAART warming improvement but beware of future HAART (and heart) attacks, 1602 US hospital care for patients with pneumonia and: the role of public, private, and Veterans Affairs hospitals in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy era, 548 HIV-1 infections, [do] not impair human alveolar macrophage phagocytic function unless combined with cigarette smoking, 1071 Hodgkin disease, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Home health care, integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 portable monitoring for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea: not yet ready for primetime, 809 Homeless, urban, obstructive lung disease among, 1719 Hong Kong: See China Hospitalization, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 airway obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency: a comparison of bleeding rates with unfractionated heparin vs enoxaparin, 856 care for patients with HIV infection and pneumonia: the role of public, private, and Veterans Affairs hospitals in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy era, 548 education and experience improved the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center, 532 educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects, 2224 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following discharge, 813 long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure, 220 mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 607 prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 rates, pediatric asthma, variations in, and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers, 557 HRCT: See Tomography, computed, high-resolution HTLV-1-associated bronchiolitis, clinical similarities and differences between [it] and diffuse panbronchiolitis, 1239 Human immunodeficiency virus: See HIV infections Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1: See HTLV-1 Hyaluronan, exogenously administered, can [it] improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema? 288 Hydrochloride, effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis, 243 Hyperaldosteronism: See Aldosterone Hypercapnia: See also Carbon dioxide; nebulized opioids use in COPD, 691 obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: the name game continues, 352 respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Hyperchloremic acidosis: See Acidosis Hyperinflation: See Lung Hyperlactatemia, infant blood transfusions, 799 Hypersensitivity, effect of ozone exposure on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects, 2328 ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, 85 predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma, 1378 work-related asthma-like symptoms among florists, 2336 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: See Pneumonitis Hypertension, making an impossible mission possible, 293 resistant, aldosterone excretion among subjects with, and symptoms of sleep apnea, 112 simultaneous use of antidepressant and antihypertensive medications increases likelihood of diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1279 uncontrolled, uncompensated type II diabetes, and smoking have different patterns of vascular dysfunction, 823 white coat, and sleep apnea: is there a link? 805 white coat, in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 817 Hypertension, pulmonary, bosentan in pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to systemic sclerosis, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:223S; clarification, vol. 125:356 effects of epoprostenol on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in, 572 feasibility of routine pulmonary arterial impedance measurements in, 2121 primary, hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in, 580 primary, identical twins with: beraprost vs epoprostenol, 1157 primary, reversal of nocturnal periodic breathing in, after lung transplantation, 344 prolonged nitric oxide inhalation fails to regress hypoxic vascular remodeling in rat lung, 2247 pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Hypertrophy, cardiac: See Cardiac hypertrophy Hyperventilation, laboratory eucapnic voluntary, vs field exercise to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes, 909 Hypokalemia, among patients receiving treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 974 Hypopnea: See also Apnea-hypopnea index; plasma orexin-A levels in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 1963 white coat hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 817 Hypotension, impact of right ventricular dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, 1539 moderate systemic, during reperfusion reduces the coronary blood flow and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 Hypothermia, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 survival after prolonged submersion in freshwater in Florida, 1948 Hypoventilation: See Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome Hypoxemia: See Anoxemia Hypoxia: See Anoxia Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome: See Pneumonia, idiopathic syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: See Pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic Ig: See Immunoglobulins Iloprost, hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and, in primary pulmonary hypertension, 580 Imaging techniques: See also Radiography; Roentgenogram of the month; Tomography, computed; Tomography, positron emission; [indocyanine green], Novadaq SPY: intraoperative quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, 418 seeking a home for a PET, part 1: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or masses, 2294 seeking a home for a PET, part 2: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer, 2300 use of novel nonfluoroscopic three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system to monitor and analyze heart surgery in animal models, 1830 utility of 99m Tc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and surgical staging in patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer, 494 Immersion: See also Drowning; in water, influence of, in water on muscle function and breathing pattern in patients with severe diaphragm weakness, 2069 Immunization: See Influenza Immunocompromised patients, with lung infiltrates, role of flexible bronchoscopy in, 712 Immunoglobulins, clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1183 predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma, 1378 Immunomodulation, macrolides as biologic response modifiers: immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, Feb. Supp., 41S–78S Immunosuppression, pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Impact of basic research on tomorrow's medicine, genetics of COPD, 1929 role of transforming growth factor β in lung development and disease, 754 Impedance, measurements, routine pulmonary arterial, in pulmonary hypertension, 2121 Impedance, electrical: See Electrical impedance Indocyanine green imaging system: See Imaging techniques Infants: See also Children; blood transfusions, 799 epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in, after cardiac surgery, 410 safety and efficacy of ketamine sedation for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 1132 use of nasopharyngoscopy in the evaluation of children with noisy breathing, 1265 Infection control, bronchoscope reprocessing and infection prevention and control: bronchoscopy-specific guidelines are needed, 307 dispersal of respiratory droplets with open vs closed oxygen delivery masks: implications for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome, 1155 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 Infections: See Bacterial infections; HIV infections; Pulmonary infections; Pneumonia; Viral infections Inflammation, evidence that inflammation encourages pulmonary adenocarcinoma formation in mice: clinical implications, May Supp., 154S markers of, in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 statin, sepsis and, 2365 Inflammatory mediators, rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, lowers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, 1610 Inflammatory response, association between serum C-reactive protein elevation and left ventricular thrombus formation after first anterior myocardial infarction, 384 attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with nitric oxide in an in situ porcine model of normothermic lung ischemia, 2253 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 Influenza, vaccination, acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of: a randomized controlled study, 2011 vaccination in vulnerable populations, 1971 viral community-acquired pneumonia in nonimmunocompromised adults, 1343 Information technology, critical care crisis in the United States: a report from the profession, 1514 Informed consent, 2367 Infusions, inotropic: See Inotropic infusions Inhalation challenge: See Bronchial provocation Inhaled drugs: See Aerosols; Corticosteroids, inhaled; Nebulizers Inotropic infusions, to infuse or not? 1182 Insufflation: See Cough Insulin-like growth factor, effects of budesonide on overall 5-methylcytosine levels and specific methylation and messenger RNA expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in mouse lung tumors, May Supp., 157S malignant pleural mesothelioma: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 Intensive care: See Critical care Interferon-γ, aerosolized, regional deposition of, in pulmonary tuberculosis, 2146 comparison of six biological markers for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis, 987 1b, top ten list in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1885 Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein in pneumonia: let me try again, 1192 plasma, increased, is associated with the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1964, 1965 rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, lowers C-reactive protein and, levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, 1610 Interleukin-8, activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD, 1706 alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in ARDS, 212 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 Interleukin-13, genetics of COPD, 1929 Interleukins, hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 International health, asthma: the epidemic has ended, or has it? 1969 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 Internet, locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews, 798, 799 Interstitial lung diseases: See Pulmonary diseases, interstitial Intranasal administration: See Nose Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation: See Aerosols Intrapulmonary shunts: See Shunts Intravenous administration, proper balance, 13 Intubation, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 daily routine chest radiographs, 1167, 1168 tracheal, anatomic evaluation of postural bronchial drainage of the lung with special reference to patients with: which combination of postures provides the best simplification? 935 Ipratropium, long-acting bronchodilators are the first-choice option for the treatment of stable COPD, 9 Iridium, high dose rate brachytherapy for nonmalignant airway obstruction: new treatment option, vol. 124:1605; clarification, vol. 125:356 Iron, a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 Ironworkers: See Occupational exposure Ischemia: See also Lung, ischemia; cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with COPD and: a meta-analysis, 2309 Ischemia/reperfusion-regulated gene, differential-display polymerase chain reaction identifies nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase as, in cardiomyocytes, 228 ISOLDE study, withdrawal of treatment in, 2368 Isoprostaglandins, increased urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2 α is associated with lower plasma selenium levels and lower vegetable and fruit intake in an asbestos-exposed cohort at risk for lung cancer, May Supp., 83S 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in the expired breath condensate of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, 1005 IV's: See Intravenous administration Japan, clinical similarities and differences between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated bronchiolitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis, 1239 pneumoconiosis in rush mat workers exposed to clay dye “sendo” dust: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients, 737 Jehovah's Witnesses: See Religion Jet nebulization: See Aerosols Joint disease, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Kapalabhati pranayama—breath of fire or cause of pneumothorax: a case report, 1951 Ketamine sedation: See Sedation Ketolides, empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 Kidney, anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with renal insufficiency: a comparison of bleeding rates with unfractionated heparin vs enoxaparin, 856 failure, common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 increasing renal blood flow: low-dose dopamine or medium-dose norepinephrine, 2260 transplantation, diagnosis of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures, 541 Kinase: See Protein kinase Kit protein: See CD117 (kit) protein KL-6, serum levels of, for predicting the occurrence of radiation pneumonitis after stereotactic radiotherapy for lung tumors, 340 Kosovo: See Refugees Laboratory and animal investigations, attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with nitric oxide in an in situ porcine model of normothermic lung ischemia, 2253 differential-display polymerase chain reaction identifies nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase as an ischemia/reperfusion-regulated gene in cardiomyocytes, 228 effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer, 1467 effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis, 243 expression of adhesion molecules during apoptosis of circulating neutrophils in COPD, 1837 gene expression profiling identifies matriptase overexpression in malignant mesothelioma, 1843 HIV-1 infection does not impair human alveolar macrophage phagocytic function unless combined with cigarette smoking, 1071 hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect, 2278 increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with pulmonary emphysema, 626 increased surfactant protein-A levels in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 617 increasing renal blood flow: low-dose dopamine or medium-dose norepinephrine, 2260 influence of IV haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs, 1821 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle are impaired in the rabbit with experimental cardiac pressure overload, 236 moderate systemic hypotension during reperfusion reduces the coronary blood flow and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 native matrix metalloproteinase characteristics may influence early stenosis of venous vs arterial coronary artery bypass grafting conduits, 1853 oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats, 1500 prolonged nitric oxide inhalation fails to regress hypoxic vascular remodeling in rat lung, 2247 pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644 side effects of endotracheal suction in pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation, 1077 smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 transforming growth factor-β 1 and extracellular matrix-associated fibronectin expression in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1063 use of novel nonfluoroscopic three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system to monitor and analyze heart surgery in animal models, 1830 Lactate, infant blood transfusions, 799 Langerhans cell histiocytosis: See Histiocytosis Lasers, interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease, 723 Latino-Americans: See Hispanic Americans Left atrium: See Atrium, left Left ventricular ejection fraction: See Ventricle, left Legal claims, asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 Legionella pneumonia: the spectrum continues to expand, 1979 Legionella pneumophila , contribution of C-reactive protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia, 1335 Legionellosis, community-acquired, levofloxacin efficacy in the treatment of, 2135 Leukemia, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Leukocytes, potential role for activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and neural cadherin in metastasis to the lung microcirculation, May Supp., 150S Leukotriene antagonists, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 Leukotriene receptor antagonists, effects of pranlukast administration on vascular endothelial growth factor levels in asthmatic patients, 1700 leukotriene modifier vs inhaled corticosteroid in mild-to-moderate asthma: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 Leukotrienes, cysteinyl; effects of pranlukast administration on vascular endothelial growth factor levels in asthmatic patients, 1700 Levofloxacin, efficacy in the treatment of community-acquired legionellosis, 2135 Legionella pneumonia: the spectrum continues to expand, 1979 steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, azithromycin and, in older adults, 965 Life span, to infuse or not? 1182 LILACS, locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews, 798, 799 Linezolid, vancomycin and, in nosocomial pneumonia, 2370 Lingula, resection of the right middle lobe and, in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 Literature reviews: See also Reviews; locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews, 798, 799 top ten list in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1885 top ten list in interstitial lung disease, 272 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Lithium, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Liver, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Lobectomy, is major pulmonary resection by video-assisted thoracic surgery an adequate procedure in clinical stage I lung cancer? 1742 Lobes of the lung: See Lung Long QT syndrome: See Electrocardiography Long-term care, integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 integrated system for chronic disease management: can we apply lessons learned from France? 365 Lung: See also Lung injury, Lung transplantation; Lung volume; Lung volume reduction surgery, below ; headings beginning with Pulmonary, eg , Pulmonary neoplasms; association between lower lobe location and upstaging for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, 1424 density measurements in spontaneous pneumothorax demonstrate airtrapping, 2083 deposition, comparison of, in two types of nebulization: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation vs jet nebulization, 502 development, role of transforming growth factor β in lung disease and, 754 dynamic hyperinflation, effect of heliox breathing on, in COPD patients, 2075 effects of inhaled tiotropium bromide on mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD, 1726 exhaled nitric oxide in pathophysiologic states: the substance behind the gas, 11 hyperinflation; analysis of tidal breathing profiles in cystic fibrosis and COPD, 901 ischemia, normothermic, attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with nitric oxide in an in situ porcine model of, 2253 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 massive calcified mass in the, vol. 124:2010; erratum, vol. 125:1175 resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in postexercise heart rate recovery, 1186 water, better characterization of acute lung injury/ARDS using, 1166, 1167 Lung biopsy: See Biopsy Lung cancer: See Pulmonary neoplasms Lung diffusing capacity: See Carbon monoxide Lung diseases: See Pulmonary diseases Lung function: See Pulmonary function Lung injury, acute pulmonary injury in association with amiodarone, 1591 acute; “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 better characterization of acute lung injury/ARDS using lung water, 1166, 1167 effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 matrix metalloproteinases activity in COPD associated with wood smoke, 466 polymorphism in the surfactant protein-B gene, gender, and the risk of direct pulmonary injury and ARDS, 203 respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers, 802 severity of, in ARDS, alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia and, 212 smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 Lung perfusion scan: See Scintigraphy Lung surgery: See Lobectomy; Lung transplantation; Pneumonectomy; Surgery Lung transplantation, balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 clinical practice of, in North America, 1183 functional analysis in single-lung recipients: a comparative study of high-resolution CT, 3 He-MRI, and pulmonary function tests, 173 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 outcome of patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 recipients, pulmonary nodules in: etiology and outcome, 165 reversal of nocturnal periodic breathing in primary pulmonary hypertension after, 344 sarcoidosis, race and short-term outcomes following, 990 survey of clinical practice of, in North America, 1224 Lung volume, clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity, 446 environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 Lung volume reduction, new and emerging minimally invasive techniques for, 777 Lung volume reduction surgery, effect of, on diaphragmatic neuromechanical coupling at 2 years, 2188 in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in, 361 LVEF (left ventricular ejection fraction): See Ventricle, left Lymph nodes: See also Lymphadenopathy; conventional vs endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a randomized trial, 322 Lymphadenopathy, intrathoracic, diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in, 527 Lymphangiectasis, chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis, 336 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis, diffuse cystic lung diseases: correlation between radiologic and functional status, 135 pulmonary, transforming growth factor-β 1 and extracellular matrix-associated fibronectin expression in, 1063 Lymphocytes CD8 + , perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of, in patients with COPD, 71 Lymphoma, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Lymphoproliferative disorder, pulmonary nodules in lung transplant recipients: etiology and outcome, 165 Mac-1 (adhesion molecule): See Cell adhesion molecules Macrolides: See Antibiotics Macrophages, alveolar: See Alveoli Magnesium, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Magnesium sulfate, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 Magnetic resonance imaging, functional analysis in single-lung transplant recipients: a comparative study of high-resolution CT, 3 He-MRI, and pulmonary function tests, 173 Malnutrition, anorexia protocolis, 1195 Mammary artery, internal, native matrix metalloproteinase characteristics may influence early stenosis of venous vs arterial coronary artery bypass grafting conduits, 1853 Mandibular advancement devices: See Equipment Mannitol challenge, coughing during, is associated with asthma, 1985 Manpower: See Health care personnel; Physicians Mapping, three-dimensional electroanatomic: See Imaging techniques Masks: See Equipment Matriptase, malignant pleural mesothelioma: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 overexpression, gene expression profiling identifies, in malignant mesothelioma, 1843 Matrix metalloproteinases: See Metalloproteinases Mechanical exsufflation: See Cough Mechanical insufflation: See Cough Mechanical ventilation: See Pneumonia, ventilator-associated; Respiration, artificial Mediastinal lymphadenopathy: See Lymphadenopathy Mediastinum, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scan in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer, 1413 dysphagia after Heimlich maneuver, 302 Mediator antagonists: See Asthma Medicaid, survey of recipients with asthma: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 Medical devices: See Equipment Medical societies, critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 MEDLINE, locating and selecting appraisal studies for reviews, 798, 799 Melanoma, detection of melanoma antigen-A expression in sputum and bronchial lavage fluid of patients with lung cancer, May Supp., 164S Men, effect of age and end point on the prognostic value of the exercise test, 1920 gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients complaining of chronic cough, 482 geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in Canada, 1657 mandibular advancement devices in 630 men and women with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: tolerability and predictors of treatment success, 1270 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers, 557 Mental health, health-related quality of life of persons with sarcoidosis, 997 Mesothelioma, asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 malignant, gene expression profiling identifies matriptase overexpression in, 1843 malignant pleural: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 Meta-analysis, cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 Metabolic alkalosis: See Alkalosis Metalloproteinases, bronchial dilatation in asthma: relation to clinical and sputum indices, 1352 matrix, activity in COPD associated with wood smoke, 466 matrix; genetics of COPD, 1929 native matrix, characteristics may influence early stenosis of venous vs arterial coronary artery bypass grafting conduits, 1853 Metastatic neoplasms, effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer, 1467 massive calcified mass in the lung, vol. 124:2010; erratum, vol. 125:1175 pilot evaluation of micrometastases for the prediction of outcome in lung cancer, May Supp., 156S potential role for activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and neural cadherin in metastasis to the lung microcirculation, May Supp., 150S relationship between a history of antecedent cancer and the probability of malignancy for a solitary pulmonary nodule, 2175 SDF-1/CXCL 12/CXCR4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases, May Supp., 156S seeking a home for a PET, part 2: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer, 2300 Methacholine challenge: See Bronchial provocation Methicillin, hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 607 Methylcytosine, effects of budesonide on overall 5-methylcytosine levels and specific methylation and messenger RNA expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in mouse lung tumors, May Supp., 157S Mexico, asthma: the epidemic has ended, or has it? 1969 matrix metalloproteinases activity in COPD associated with wood smoke, 466 trends of asthma in: an 11-year analysis in a nationwide institution, 1993 Mice, chemoprevention of lung cancer in transgenic mice, May Supp., 144S development of lung tumors in mutant p53-expressing mice after inhalation exposure to asbestos, May Supp., 85S effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer, 1467 effects of budesonide on overall 5-methylcytosine levels and specific methylation and messenger RNA expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in mouse lung tumors, May Supp., 157S evidence that inflammation encourages pulmonary adenocarcinoma formation in mice: clinical implications, May Supp., 154S modulation of biomarkers during chemoprevention of mouse lung tumorigenesis by D-glucarate, May Supp., 149S serum levels of surfactant protein D are increased in mice with lung tumors, May Supp., 109S Sprouty 2 gene in mouse lung tumorigenesis, May Supp., 111S Microalbuminuria, altered exercise gas exchange as related to, in type 2 diabetic patients, 1292 Microsomal epoxide hydrolase: See Epoxide hydrolase Middle lobe/lingula syndrome: See Lung Milrinone, pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644 Mineral oil, an 85-year-old man with a lung mass, 1121 Minimally invasive techniques, new and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction, 777 video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a promising treatment for solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 1144 Minocycline, pleurodesis, effects of additional, after thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax, 50 Minority groups: See African Americans; Alaska Natives; Ethnic groups; Hispanic Americans Mitochondria: See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase Mitral stenosis: See Heart valves Mitral valvuloplasty, percutaneous transluminal: See Heart valves Mobilization, early, in pneumonia, 1959, 1960 Molecular biology, molecular classification of lung cancer: a cross-platform comparison of gene expression data sets, May Supp., 103S molecular targets for cancer therapy and prevention, May Supp., 97S p53: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis and molecular epidemiology, May Supp., 83S use of standardized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the standardized expression measurement center in multiinstitutional trials to develop meaningful lung cancer classification based on molecular genetic criteria, May Supp., 155S non-small cell lung cancer molecular profiles are associated with lung development, May Supp., 115S Moli1901: See Peptides Montelukast, long-term dosing effects of mediator antagonists in inhaled corticosteroid-treated atopic asthmatic patients, 1372 Morphine, nebulized: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? 363 nebulized opioids use in COPD, 691 Mortality: See also Outcomes; Survival; acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 audit of medical thoracoscopy and talc poudrage for pneumothorax prevention in advanced COPD, 1315 cytokines: the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 effect of age and end point on the prognostic value of the exercise test, 1920 extended evaluation of recombinant human activated protein C United States trial: a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in severe sepsis, 2206 hospital, for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 607 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 ICU, influence of overweight on: a prospective study, 1441 paradoxical effect of smoking in the Spanish population with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: results of the ARIAM register, 831 prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 sarcoidosis, race and short-term outcomes following lung transplantation, 990 Moxifloxacin, no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 short-term and long-term outcomes of, compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, 953 steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of levofloxacin, and azithromycin and, in older adults, 965 Mucin production, effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S Mucociliary clearance, effects of inhaled tiotropium bromide on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD, 1726 Mucolytic agents, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Mucus, immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease, Feb. Supp., 70S Multiple myeloma: See Myeloma, multiple Muscle function, effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD, 2021 influence of immersion in water on, and breathing pattern in patients with severe diaphragm weakness, 2069 Muscle, smooth, tracheal: See Trachea Muscles, endurance and strength training in patients with COPD, 2036 Muscles, respiratory: See Respiratory muscles Muscles, skeletal: See Skeletal muscles Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne, use of the mechanical in-exsufflator in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease and impaired cough, 1406 Muscular dystrophy, oculopharyngeal, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome complicating, 334 Mycobacteria in pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, 354 Mycobacterial disease, tuberculosis: a modified quantiferon assay may help diagnose latent infection and hard-to-identify active disease, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:115S; clarification, vol. 125:356 Mycobacterium tuberculosis : See Tuberculosis Mycoses: See Blastomycosis; Fungal infections Myelodysplastic syndromes, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Myeloma, multiple, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 a 67-year-old woman with abnormal lung perfusion scan finding, 1941 Myeloperoxidase-mediated damage, hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and, in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 Myeloproliferative diseases, pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 Myocardial infarction, acute, impact of systemic BP on coronary blood flow and infarct size during reperfusion therapy for: refinements beyond the “plumbing,” 1179 acute, paradoxical effect of smoking in the Spanish population with unstable angina or: results of the ARIAM register, 831 acute, potential impact of primary percutaneous coronary intervention on ventricular septal rupture complicating, 1622 anterior, ICU admission for, with shortness of breath, 1577 common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 first anterior, association between serum C-reactive protein elevation and left ventricular thrombus formation after, 384 measurement of ejection fraction after, in the population, 397 moderate systemic hypotension during reperfusion reduces the coronary blood flow and increases the size of, in pigs, 1492 prevalence and secular trends of excess body weight and impact on outcomes after, in the community, 1205 Myocardial ischemia, prognostic value of stress testing in patients over 75 years of age with chronic angina, 1124 Myocarditis, common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 Myocyte necrosis, cardiac troponin T in obstructive sleep apnea, 2097 N-acetylcysteine: See Acetylcysteine Napoleon Bonaparte, apnea and history, 1587, 1588 Nasal administration: See Nose Nasal continuous positive airway pressure: See Positive airway pressure, continuous, nasal Nasopharyngoscopy, evaluating noisy breathing in children: how far down the airway should one look? 1184 use of, in the evaluation of children with noisy breathing, 1265 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1685 Natriuretic peptide, brain, in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone, 652 a 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of COPD and atrial fibrillation, 2340 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 Nebulization, jet: See Aerosols Nebulizers, asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 Neck collar: See Equipment Needle aspiration biopsy: See Biopsy Negative expiratory pressure, extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing, 98 Negative pressure ventilation, treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure: integrated use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and, 2217 Neoplasm metastasis: See Metastatic neoplasms Neoplasm recurrence, is major pulmonary resection by video-assisted thoracic surgery an adequate procedure in clinical stage I lung cancer? 1742 Neoplasm staging, association between lower lobe location and upstaging for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, 1424 seeking a home for a PET, part 2: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer, 2300 use of standardized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the standardized expression measurement center in multiinstitutional trials to develop meaningful lung cancer classification based on molecular genetic criteria, May Supp., 155S utility of 99m Tc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and surgical staging in patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer, 494 Neoplasms: See also names of specific types of cancer, eg , Carcinoma; and specific parts of the body, eg , Breast neoplasms; Pulmonary neoplasms; clinical implications of appearance of pleural fluid at thoracentesis, 156 Nesiritide, brain natriuretic peptide in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone, 652 Neuroendocrine neoplasms, diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia as a precursor to pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, May Supp., 108S thymic, PET scanning in the management of, 2368 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, diagnosing, 1960, 1961 Neurological complications: See Postoperative complications Neurological disorders, prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 Neuromechanical coupling, diaphragmatic: See Diaphragm Neuromuscular blocking agents, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 Neuromuscular diseases, efficacy of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation in medically stable patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1400 use of the mechanical in-exsufflator in pediatric patients with impaired cough and, 1406 Neutrophilia, pulmonary, alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, severity of lung injury in ARDS and, 212 Neutrophils, activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD, 1706 chemoattractant, Z α 1 -antitrypsin polymerizes in the lung and acts, 1952 circulating, expression of adhesion molecules during apoptosis of, in COPD, 1837 effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 New York City: See World Trade Center NHANES: See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Nicotine: See Smoking Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, differential-display polymerase chain reaction identifies [it] as an ischemia/reperfusion-regulated gene in cardiomyocytes, 228 Nitric oxide, alveolar, increase in, in the presence of symptoms in childhood asthma, 1012 attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with, in an in situ porcine model of normothermic lung ischemia, 2253 effects of macrolides on inflammatory cells, Feb. Supp., 41S exhaled, in pathophysiologic states: the substance behind the gas, 11 hemodynamic response to sildenafil, iloprost and, in primary pulmonary hypertension, 580 hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits, and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of endotoxemic rats, 1483 increased exhaled, following autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a potential marker of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, 281 prolonged inhalation fails to regress hypoxic vascular remodeling in rat lung, 2247 relationship between single-breath diffusion capacity of the lung for, and carbon monoxide during various exercise intensities, 1019 synthase, exhaled nitric oxide in pathophysiologic states: the substance behind the gas, 11 uncontrolled hypertension, uncompensated type II diabetes, and smoking have different patterns of vascular dysfunction, 823 Nitric oxide synthase, exhaled nitric oxide in pathophysiologic states: the substance behind the gas, 11 Nitrite, markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 Nitroglycerin, impact of systemic BP on coronary blood flow and infarct size during reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction: refinements beyond the “plumbing,” 1179 Nitrous oxide, premixed, efficacy of, and oxygen for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 proper balance, 13 Nomenclature, term ambiguity, 797 Norepinephrine medium-dose, or low-dose dopamine: increasing renal blood flow, 2260 North America: See Canada; Mexico; United States Norway, variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 Nose, a phase I trial of intranasal moli1901 for cystic fibrosis, 143 Nosocomial infections: See Cross-infections; Pneumonia, nosocomial; Pneumonia, ventilator-associated Novadaq SPY: intraoperative quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, 418 Nuclear fuel workers: See Occupational exposure Nurses, educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects, 2224 Nursing homes: See Long-term care Nutrition, anorexia protocolis, 1195 evidence-based management protocol, outcomes in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of, 1446 increased urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2 α is associated with lower plasma selenium levels and lower vegetable and fruit intake in an asbestos-exposed cohort at risk for lung cancer, May Supp., 83S potassium supplementation, diet vs pills: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, 404 Obesity: See also Body mass index; asthma and: a real connection or a casual association? 1972 clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity, 446 effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and airway reactivity in obese women, 2046 extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obstructive and restrictive disorders and: effects of increasing negative expiratory pressure, 98 -hypoventilation syndrome, the name game continues, 352 influence of overweight on ICU mortality: a prospective study, 1441 prevalence and secular trends of excess body weight and impact on outcomes after myocardial infarction in the community, 1205 Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, the name game continues, 352 Observational studies, evaluating combination therapy in community-acquired pneumonia, 353 Obstructive sleep apnea syndromes: See Sleep apnea syndromes, obstructive Occupational and environmental lung disease (feature): See also Environmental exposure; Occupational exposure; changing patterns in asbestos-induced lung disease, 744 decreased respiratory symptoms after intervention in artificially ventilated offices in Sao Paulo, Brazil 326 effect of ozone exposure on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects, 2328 lung function among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry, 731 pneumoconiosis in rush mat workers exposed to clay dye “sendo” dust: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients, 737 work-related asthma-like symptoms among florists, 2336 Occupational exposure: See also Environmental exposure; Occupational and environmental lung disease (feature); asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 lung cancer screening using low-dose high-resolution CT scanning in a high-risk workforce: 3,500 nuclear fuel workers in three US states, May Supp., 152S outcome of coal worker's pneumoconiosis with acute respiratory failure, 1052 respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers, 802 respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site, 1248 symptoms, respirator use, and pulmonary function changes among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center disaster, 1256 why did the barber acquire asbestosis? 1594 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: See Muscular dystrophy Omalizumab, predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma, 1378 Oncogenes, growth-related oncogene alpha, 1706 Online literature searches: See Internet OPCAB: See Coronary artery bypass graft Opinions/hypotheses, can exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema? 288 empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 making an impossible mission possible, 293 managing the small pulmonary nodule discovered by CT, 1522 nebulized opioids use in COPD, 691 respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Opioids, nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? 363 nebulized use in COPD, 691 Oral appliances: See Equipment Orexin-A, plasma levels in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 1963 OSAS: See Sleep apnea syndromes, obstructive Oscillation, forced: See Forced oscillation Osteoporosis, glucocorticoid-induced, recognizing and treating, in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Outcomes: See also Mortality; Survival; comparison of conservative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 435 costs and, associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, 1642 effect of age and end point on the prognostic value of the exercise test, 1920 hospital and long-term, after tracheostomy for respiratory failure, 220 in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of an evidence-based nutritional management protocol, 1446 intensive care in patients with HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1800 Legionella pneumonia: the spectrum continues to expand, 1979 long-term beneficial effect of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with COPD, 56 mandibular advancement titration for obstructive sleep apnea: optimization of the procedure by combining clinical and oximetric parameters, 1761 of lung transplant patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 prevalence and, of caregiving after prolonged (≥ 48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU, 597 prevalence and secular trends of excess body weight and impact on, after myocardial infarction in the community, 1205 randomized controlled trial of an antibiotic discontinuation policy for clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia, 1791 short-term and long-term, of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, 953 short-term, sarcoidosis, race and, following lung transplantation, 990 vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers, 557 Outpatient care: See Emergency care Overweight patients: See Body mass index; Obesity; Weight Oxidants, buccal-lung comparison of quantitative expression of carcinogen and oxidant metabolism genes in human subjects, May Supp., 107S Oxidative stress, airway antioxidants and oxidative stress as predictors of sputum atypia and airflow obstruction, May Supp., 127S 8-isoprostane, a marker of, is increased in the expired breath condensate of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, 1005 Oxidoreductase: See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase Oximetry, mandibular advancement titration for obstructive sleep apnea: optimization of the procedure by combining clinical parameters and, 1761 pulmonary function and sputum production in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and standard chest physiotherapy, 1507 Oxitropium bromide, inhaled, increased responses to, in asthmatic patients with active hepatitis C virus infection, 1368 Oxygen: See also Heliox; acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S delivery masks, open vs closed, dispersal of respiratory droplets with: implications for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome, 1155 desaturation, normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents, 872 efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and, for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 exercise performance and skeletal muscles in patients with advanced Chagas disease, 1306 a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 sleep, breathing, heart and, 1596 therapy, survival of patients with bronchiectasis after the first ICU stay for respiratory failure, 1815 uptake, exercise for fun and profit: joint statement on exercise by the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, 1 Oxygen-helium: See Heliox Oxygenation, cerebral, during exercise in cardiac patients, 182 hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension, 580 new index (Pa o 2 /[F io 2 × mean airway pressure]) for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 592 Ozone, effect of exposure on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects, 2328 P-selectin: See Selectins p21, ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibit lung cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by stimulation of P21 expression, May Supp., 134S p53, at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis and molecular epidemiology, May Supp., 83S development of lung tumors in mutant p53-expressing mice after inhalation exposure to asbestos, May Supp., 85S p63, role of p63 amplification and overexpression in lung cancer development, May Supp., 102S Pacemakers, chronotropic incompetence in a young adult: case report and literature review, 297 Pacing wire, abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and irregular pulse, 775 Pain: See also Chest pain;, efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 perception, spinal prostaglandin formation and, following thoracotomy: a role for cyclooxygenase-2, 1321 proper balance, 13 Palate, cleft: See Velopharyngeal incompetence Panbronchiolitis: See Bronchiolitis Pancreas, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Paraffinoma, an 85-year-old man with a lung mass, 1121 Paralysis, hemidiaphragmatic: See Diaphragmatic paralysis Parapneumonic pleural effusions: See Pleural effusions Parathyroid hormone, role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in lung cancer cell survival, May Supp., 150S Parenteral nutrition, anorexia protocolis, 1195 Parents: See Family Parietal pleural biopsy: See Biopsy Partial oxygen pressure, alveolar: See Oxygenation Pathways, clinical: See Guidelines Patient-focused care: the 2003 American College of Chest Physicians convocation speech, 1910 Patient safety, a new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules, 2289 efficacy and, of ketamine sedation for infant flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 1132 percutaneous multiple-site parietal pleural biopsy: description and evaluation of a new and safe technique, 1776 to B or not to B? it still is the question, 5 ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, 1059 Patients: See also Quality of life; asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 can a standardized acupuncture technique palliate disabling breathlessness: a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 1783 cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S health-related quality of life of persons with sarcoidosis, 997 subjective evaluation; mandibular advancement titration for obstructive sleep apnea: optimization of the procedure by combining clinical and oximetric parameters, 1761 survey of Medicaid recipients with asthma: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 Peak expiratory flow, analysis of tidal breathing profiles in cystic fibrosis and COPD, 901 Pearls: See Pulmonary and critical care pearls Pediatrics: See Children Peptides: See also Natriuretic peptide; a phase I trial of intranasal moli1901 for cystic fibrosis, 143 PercussiveTech HF device: See Equipment Percussive ventilation, intrapulmonary: See Aerosols Percutaneous coronary intervention, timing of peak troponin T and creatine kinase-MB elevations after, 275 Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: See Tracheostomy Percutaneous multiple-site parietal pleural biopsy: See Biopsy Percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty: See Heart valves Perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of sputum CD8 + lymphocytes in patients with COPD, 71 Perfusion, defects, ECG score predicts those with the greatest percentage of, due to acute pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 1651 neurological complications after coronary artery bypass grafting related to the performance of cardiopulmonary bypass, 2196 Pericardial effusions, postoperative, evolution of, after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 prognostic factors in the surgical management of, in the patient with concurrent malignancy, 1328 Pericarditis, common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 Peripheral muscle strength training in patients with COPD, 1589, 1590 Peroxisome, ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibit lung cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by stimulation of P21 expression, May Supp., 134S Peru, hypokalemia among patients receiving treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 974 PET: See Tomography, positron emission Petty, Thomas L, Aspen Lung Conference, May Supp., 79S–172S ( for detailed listing of presentations, see entry at Pulmonary neoplasms ) ph, breath condensate, in children with CF and asthma: a new non-invasive marker of airway inflammation? 2005 acidification of distal esophagus and sleep-related breathing disturbances, 2101 metabolic alkalosis and cystic fibrosis, 1169 Phagocytic function, alveolar: See Alveoli Pharyngoplasty, sphincter, as a treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbance, 864 Pharynx, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome complicating oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 334 Phospho-Akt overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer confers significant stage-independent survival disadvantage, May Supp., 152S Phosphodiesterases, pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644 Physicians, concussive clinical coincidence, 1593 critical care crisis in the United States: a report from the profession, 1514 critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 education and experience improved the performance of transbronchial needle aspiration: a learning curve at a cancer center, 532 effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism, 1635 health-related quality of life of persons with sarcoidosis, 997 lung cancer screening: response to Jerome Reich, MD, 350 patient-focused care: the 2003 American College of Chest Physicians convocation speech, 1910 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 Physiotherapy, standard chest, pulmonary function and sputum production in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and, 1507 Pigs: See Swine Pilus formation, Feb. Supp., 65S PiZ protein, α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency: more than a protease imbalance? 1605 Plasma levels: See Blood Plasminogen activator inhibitor, effect of repeated thoracenteses on fibrinolytic activity in malignant pleural effusion, 1965, 1966 Platelets, activation, effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on, in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1768 mechanism of reducing activity by percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, 1629 Pleura, asbestos and: a review, 1103 diagnosing pleural tuberculosis, 2366 evaluation of disease with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging, 489 preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 Pleural biopsy: See Biopsy Pleural effusions, asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 complicated parapneumonia, treatment of, with intrapleural streptokinase in children, 566 evaluation of pleural disease with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging, 489 in hematologic malignancies, 1546 malignant, effect of repeated thoracenteses on fibrinolytic activity in, 1965, 1966 percutaneous multiple-site parietal pleural biopsy: description and evaluation of a new and safe technique, 1776 safety of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, 1059 tumor necrosis factor-α in pleural fluid: a marker of complicated parapneumonic effusions, 160 Pleural fluid, clinical implications of appearance of, at thoracentesis, 156 tumor necrosis factor-α in: a marker of complicated parapneumonic effusions, 160 Pleural neoplasms, gene expression profiling identifies matriptase overexpression in malignant mesothelioma, 1843 malignant mesothelioma: the puzzling role of gene-environment interaction, 1604 video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a promising treatment for solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 1144 Pleuritis, percutaneous multiple-site parietal pleural biopsy: description and evaluation of a new and safe technique, 1776 tuberculous, comparison of six biological markers for the diagnosis of, 987 Pleurodesis, experimental, acute phase of, talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during, in rabbits, 2268 minocycline, effects of additional, after thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax, 50 pneumothorax in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 1028 talc, FDG-PET and computed tomography after, 2356 Pneumoconiosis, coal worker's, outcome of, with acute respiratory failure, 1052 in rush mat workers exposed to clay dye “sendo” dust: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients, 737 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: See Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii Pneumocytes, identification of spontaneous feline idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect, 2278 Pneumonectomy, actual and predicted postoperative changes in lung function after pneumonectomy: a retrospective analysis, 1735 Pneumonia: See also Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia; aspiration, diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis due to achalasia, 349, 350 aspiration, novel diagnostic test for the risk of, in the elderly, 801 C-reactive protein in: let me try again, 1192 community-acquired, contribution of C-reactive protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of, 1335 community-acquired; early mobilization in, 1959, 1960 community-acquired, empiric therapy of: guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 community-acquired, evaluating combination therapy in, 353 community-acquired, guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in, 1888 community-acquired; levofloxacin efficacy in the treatment of community-acquired legionellosis, 2135 community-acquired, treatment costs of, in an employed population, 2140 community-acquired, viral, in nonimmunocompromised adults, 1343 diagnosis of, in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures, 541 eosinophilic, acute; “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 exogenous lipoid; an 85-year-old man with a lung mass, 1121 hospital-treated, incidence in male smokers, vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and, 557 idiopathic interstitial, and the concept of the trump card, 359 idiopathic interstitial, prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with, 522 idiopathic syndrome; exhaled nitric oxide in pathophysiologic states: the substance behind the gas, 11 idiopathic syndrome, increased exhaled nitric oxide following autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a potential marker of, 281 increased arteriovenous carboxyhemoglobin differences in patients with inflammatory pulmonary diseases, 2160 interstitial, acute; “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 Legionella: the spectrum continues to expand, 1979 nonresolving, a 19-year-old man with, 330 nosocomial, epidemiology of, in infants after cardiac surgery, 410 nosocomial, linezolid and vancomycin in, 2370 Pneumocystis carinii ; 548 Pneumocystis ; intensive care in patients with HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1800 round, frequent error in etiology of, 1592 top ten list in interstitial lung disease, 272 US hospital care for patients with HIV infection and: the role of public, private, and Veterans Affairs hospitals in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy era, 548 ventilator-associated, clinically suspected, randomized controlled trial of an antibiotic discontinuation policy for, 1791 ventilator-associated, educational intervention to reduce, in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects, 2224 ventilator-associated, from “pro and con” debate to evidence-based practice, 1600 Pneumonitis, hypersensitivity; bird-years as well as pack-years, 353 hypersensitivity; “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 hypersensitivity, increased surfactant protein-A levels in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 617 radiation, serum levels of KL-6 for predicting the occurrence of, after stereotactic radiotherapy for lung tumors, 340 top ten list in interstitial lung disease, 272 Pneumothorax, emphysema and, after percutaneous tracheostomy: case reports and an anatomic study, 1805 in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 1028 primary spontaneous, effects of additional minocycline pleurodesis after thoracoscopic procedures for, 50 SARS and, and our response to epidemics, 1982 spontaneous; audit of medical thoracoscopy and talc poudrage for pneumothorax prevention in advanced COPD, 1315 spontaneous; Kapalabhati pranayama—breath of fire or cause of pneumothorax: a case report, 1951 spontaneous, lung density measurements in, demonstrate airtrapping, 2083 spontaneous, secondary, management of: there's confusion in the air, 1190 spontaneous, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) complicated by, 2345 Poisons, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Polymerase chain reaction, differential-display, identifies nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase as an ischemia/reperfusion-regulated gene in cardiomyocytes, 228 for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: impact on clinical management of refugees with pulmonary infiltrates, 981 improvement and application of fluorescence inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction for the study of subclonal growths in lung epithelial cell populations, May Supp., 110S use of standardized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the standardized expression measurement center in multiinstitutional trials to develop meaningful lung cancer classification based on molecular genetic criteria, May Supp., 155S Polymorphisms, genetic: See Genetics Polysomnography, normal respiratory values in children and adolescents, 872 standard, evaluation of the accuracy of SNAP technology sleep sonography in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in adults compared to, 886 Portable monitoring for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea: not yet ready for primetime, 809 Positive airway pressure, continuous, nasal, effects of, on platelet activation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1768 corrected QT dispersion and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 2107 increased plasma interleukin-6 is associated with the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1964, 1965 lack of efficacy for a cervicomandibular support collar in the management of obstructive sleep apnea, 118 Positive end-expiratory pressure, tracheostomy tube enabling speech during mechanical ventilation, 1046 Positive pressure ventilation, noninvasive; acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure: integrated use of negative pressure ventilation and, 2217 Positron emission tomography: See Tomography, positron emission Postoperative care, actual and predicted postoperative changes in lung function after pneumonectomy: a retrospective analysis, 1735 costs and clinical outcomes associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, 1642 evolution of the postoperative pericardial effusion after day 15: the problem of the late tamponade, 2182 Postoperative complications, deep vein thrombosis among patients entering cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery, 191 diagnosis of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures, 541 effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism, 1635 effect of three wound dressings on infection, healing comfort, and cost in patients with sternotomy wounds: a randomized trial, 43 emphysema and pneumothorax after percutaneous tracheostomy: case reports and an anatomic study, 1805 epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia in infants after cardiac surgery, 410 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in lung volume reduction surgery, 361 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new surgical system, 633 neurological, after coronary artery bypass grafting related to the performance of cardiopulmonary bypass, 2196 outcome of lung transplant patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 prospective analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors of postbronchoscopy fever, 945 pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 pulmonary nodules in lung transplant recipients: etiology and outcome, 165 Posture, anatomic evaluation of postural bronchial drainage of the lung with special reference to patients with tracheal intubation: which combination of postures provides the best simplification? 935 enhanced alveolar clearance with chest percussion therapy and positional changes during whole lung lavage for alveolar proteinosis, 2351 lack of efficacy for a cervicomandibular support collar in the management of obstructive sleep apnea, 118 Potassium, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 hypokalemia among patients receiving treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 974 supplementation, diet vs pills: a randomized trial in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, 404 Poudrage, talc: See Talc Practice guidelines: See Guidelines Pranayama: See Yoga Pranlukast, administration, effects of, on vascular endothelial growth factor levels in asthmatic patients, 1700 Prednisolone, top ten list in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1885 Pregnancy, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Preliminary reports, a new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules, 2289 increased exhaled nitric oxide following autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a potential marker of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, 281 pulmonary function and sputum production in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and standard chest physiotherapy, 1507 timing of peak troponin T and creatine kinase-MB elevations after percutaneous coronary intervention, 275 Preoperative care, pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 Pressure-controlled ventilation: See Respiration, artificial Primary percutaneous coronary intervention: See Coronary angioplasty Prone position: See Posture Propafenone, long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with current symptomatic atrial fibrillation: amiodarone vs, both in low doses, 377 Prostacyclin, in human non-small cell lung cancers, May Supp., 141S inhaled, successful aeromedical transport using, for a patient with life-threatening hypoxemia, 1579 Prostaglandin, spinal, formation and pain perception following thoracotomy: a role for cyclooxygenase-2, 1321 Protease imbalance, α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency: more than? 1605 Protease inhibitors, genetics of COPD, 1929 Z α 1 -antitrypsin polymerizes in the lung and acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, 1952 Protein C, extended evaluation of recombinant human activated, United States trial: a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in severe sepsis, 2206 Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS), 2206 Protein kinase, role of protein kinase B-dependent signaling in lung tumorigenesis, May Supp., 141S Proteinosis, alveolar, enhanced alveolar clearance with chest percussion therapy and positional changes during whole lung lavage for, 2351 Proteins, markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 unfolded; α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency: more than a protease imbalance? 1605 Prothrombotic state, further insights into, in mitral stenosis and atrial flutter, 2361, 2362, 2363 Protocols: See Guidelines PROWESS (Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis), 2206 Pseudomonas aeruginosa , effects of subinhibitory concentrations of macrolide antibiotics on, Feb. Supp., 62S hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or, 607 Public health, asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 asthma: the epidemic has ended, or has it? 1969 obstructive lung disease among the urban homeless, 1719 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 school-based case identification process for identifying inner city children with asthma: the Breathmobile program, 924 Publishing, exercise for fun and profit: joint statement on exercise by the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, 1 Puerto Ricans, ethnicity and skin test reactivity to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, 85 Pulmonary and critical care pearls, a 52-year-old man with pulmonary edema following large-volume transfusion, 1556 a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 a 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of COPD and atrial fibrillation, 2340 hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive, 1944 a 19-year-old man with nonresolving pneumonia, 330 unusual cause of dyspnea in a 77-year-old man, 770 Pulmonary artery, feasibility of routine impedance measurements in pulmonary hypertension, 2121 pressures, increased circulating endothelin-1 in rheumatic mitral stenosis: irrelevance to left atrial pressures and, 390 Pulmonary blastomycosis: See Blastomycosis Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, clinical and exercise test determinants of survival after cardiac transplantation, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 Pulmonary circulation: See also Hemodynamics; Hypertension, pulmonary; Pulmonary artery; Pulmonary vascular resistance; Pulmonary vascular system; effects of epoprostenol on right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in pulmonary hypertension, 572 hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension, 580 potential role for activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and neural cadherin in metastasis to the lung microcirculation, May Supp., 150S pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 Pulmonary complications: See also Postoperative complications; pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates, 712 routine chest radiographs after endoscopically guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, 1173 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Pulmonary diseases: See also Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive; Pulmonary diseases, interstitial; changing patterns in asbestos-induced lung disease, 744 diffuse cystic lung diseases: correlation between radiologic and functional status, 135 inflammatory, increased arteriovenous carboxyhemoglobin differences in patients with, 2160 intensive care of patients with HIV infection: HAART warming improvement but beware of future HAART (and heart) attacks, 1602 noninfectious parenchymal lung disease; “imitators” of the ARDS: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 obstructive lung disease among the urban homeless, 1719 prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 QT dispersion: much ado about something? 1974 role of transforming growth factor β in lung development and disease, 754 Pulmonary diseases, chronic obstructive: See also Asthma; Emphysema; activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with, 1706 acute respiratory illness in patients with, and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study, 2011 advanced, audit of medical thoracoscopy and talc poudrage for pneumothorax prevention in, 1315 advanced, smoking patterns in African Americans and whites with, 15 airway obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 analysis of tidal breathing profiles in cystic fibrosis and, 901 answer is fifteen percent: what is the question? 3 assessment of emphysema in: a functional and radiologic study, 1714 associated with wood smoke, matrix metalloproteinases activity in, 466 association of an abnormal exercise heart rate recovery with pulmonary function abnormalities, 1286 can a standardized acupuncture technique palliate disabling breathlessness: a single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 1783 cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and: a meta-analysis, 2309 chest wall kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with, 459 comparison of continuous and discrete measurements of dyspnea during exercise in normal subjects and patients with, 77 do we really want to know why only some smokers get [it]? 1599 effects of inhaled tiotropium bromide on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD, 1726 effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with, 2021 endurance and strength training in patients with, 2036 exacerbation, prospective multicenter study of relapse following emergency department treatment of, 473 extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing negative expiratory pressure, 98 a 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of, and atrial fibrillation, 2340 genetics of, 1929 increased levels of cell death and proliferation in alveolar wall cells in patients with pulmonary emphysema, 626 influenza vaccination in vulnerable populations, 1971 long-term beneficial effect of coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with, 56 macrolides for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, asthma, and, Feb. Supp., 52S management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: there's confusion in the air, 1190 mild, bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is absent in subjects with, 2029 nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? 363 nebulized opioids use in, 691 no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of, please, 811 obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: the name game continues, 352 obstructive lung disease among the urban homeless, 1719 office spirometry significantly improves early detection of, in general practice: the DIDASCO study, 1394 patients, effect of heliox breathing on dynamic hyperinflation in, 2075 perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of sputum CD8 + lymphocytes in patients with, 71 peripheral muscle strength training in patients with, 1589, 1590 preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 prevalence of, in Greece, 892 recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 risk and severity of, is associated with the group-specific component of serum globulin 1F allele, 63 smoking cessation motivation and, 1958 sputum dysplasia, related to bacterial load, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation in COPD, May Supp., 151S stable, long-acting bronchodilators are the first-choice option for the treatment of, 9 stable, role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of, 249 treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory failure: integrated use of negative pressure ventilation and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, 2217 vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in postexercise heart rate recovery, 1186 woman with fixed and dilated pupil and, following head trauma, 305 Pulmonary diseases, interstitial, bird-years as well as pack-years, 353 nebulized morphine: a convenient and safe alternative to dyspnea relief? 363 top ten list in interstitial lung disease, 272 Pulmonary edema, better characterization of acute lung injury/ARDS using lung water, 1166, 1167 a 52-year-old man with, following large-volume transfusion, 1556 Pulmonary embolism, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 ECG score predicts those with the greatest percentage of perfusion defects due to acute pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 1651 effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism, 1635 fatal, prevention of, in the hospital, 1595 impact of right ventricular dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with, 1539 suspected, clinical utility of D-dimer in patients with, and nondiagnostic lung scans or negative CT findings, 851 suspected, D-dimer for: whom should we test? 807 volumetric capnography as a screening test for, in the emergency department, 841 Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: See Hemangioendothelioma Pulmonary fibrosis, functional analysis in single-lung transplant recipients: a comparative study of high-resolution CT, He-MRI, and pulmonary function tests, 173 idiopathic, combined corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide therapy does not alter survival in, 2169 idiopathic, newly diagnosed, increased surfactant protein-A levels in patients with, 617 idiopathic; prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, 522 idiopathic, spontaneous feline, identification of: morphology and ultrastructural evidence for a type II pneumocyte defect, 2278 idiopathic, top ten list in, 1885 idiopathic; top ten list in interstitial lung disease, 272 outcome of coal worker's pneumoconiosis with acute respiratory failure, 1052 role of transforming growth factor β in lung development and disease, 754 Pulmonary function: See also Forced expiratory volume; abnormalities, association of an abnormal exercise heart rate recovery with, 1286 actual and predicted postoperative changes in, after pneumonectomy: a retrospective analysis, 1735 among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry, 731 bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is absent in subjects with mild COPD, 2029 can exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema? 288 changes, symptoms, respirator use, and, among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center disaster, 1256 changing patterns in asbestos-induced lung disease, 744 clinical significance of elevated diffusing capacity, 446 COPD and smoking cessation motivation, 1958 development of chronic airway obstruction in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis: a prospective follow-up study, 1998 diffuse cystic lung diseases: correlation between radiologic and functional status, 135 effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and airway reactivity in obese women, 2046 environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 impact of respiratory symptoms and, on quality of life of long-term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer, 439 influence of immersion in water on muscle function and breathing pattern in patients with severe diaphragm weakness, 2069 is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 leukotriene modifier vs inhaled corticosteroid in mild-to-moderate asthma: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 long-term dosing effects of mediator antagonists in inhaled corticosteroid-treated atopic asthmatic patients, 1372 new oxygenation index for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 592 obstructive lung disease among the urban homeless, 1719 outcome of lung transplant patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 predicting response to omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in patients with allergic asthma, 1378 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 repeated adeno-associated virus serotype 2 aerosol-mediated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene transfer to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 509 respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site, 1248 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 role of transforming growth factor β in lung development and disease, 754 sputum production and, in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and standard chest physiotherapy, 1507 term ambiguity [FEF and FVC], 797 tests, assessment of emphysema in COPD: a functional and radiologic study, 1714 tests, functional analysis in single-lung transplant recipients: a comparative study of high-resolution CT, He-MRI, and, 173 treatment with inhaled flunisolide, 1961, 1962 use of the mechanical in-exsufflator in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease and impaired cough, 1406 vagal pas de deux: heart-lung interplay in postexercise heart rate recovery, 1186 Pulmonary gas exchange, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 altered exercise gas exchange as related to microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients, 1292 influence of immersion in water on muscle function and breathing pattern in patients with severe diaphragm weakness, 2069 membrane and capillary blood components of diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide in pulmonary sarcoidosis: relation to exercise gas exchange, 2061 respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 side effects of endotracheal suction in pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation, 1077 Pulmonary hypertension: See Hypertension, pulmonary Pulmonary infections: See also Bacterial infections; Fungal infections; Pneumonia; Viral infections; acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study, 2011 respiratory viruses and sever lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Pulmonary infiltrates, diffuse aspiration bronchiolitis due to achalasia, 349, 350 in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: impact on clinical management of refugees with pulmonary infiltrates, 981 role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with, 712 Pulmonary injury: See Lung injury Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: See Histiocytosis Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: See Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Pulmonary mechanics, can exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema? 288 Pulmonary medicine, exercise for fun and profit: joint statement on exercise by the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, 1 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Pulmonary neoplasms, actual and predicted postoperative changes in lung function after pneumonectomy: a retrospective analysis, 1735 Aspen Lung Conference, May Supp., 79S–172S [lung cancer over 17 years of Aspen lung conferences, 79S; environmental causes of lung cancer: what do we know in 2003?, 80S; increased urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2 α is associated with lower plasma selenium levels and lower vegetable and fruit intake in an asbestos-exposed cohort at risk for lung cancer, 83S; p53: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis and molecular epidemiology, 83S; development of lung tumors in mutant p53-expressing mice after inhalation exposure to asbestos, 85S; genetic predisposition to lung cancer, 86S; lung cancer risk in relatives of early-onset lung cancer cases, 89S; premalignant evolution of lung cancer: Gilles F. Filley Lecture, 90S; preinvasive bronchial lesions: surveillance or intervention?, 95S; serial analysis of gene expression profiles of developmental stages in non-small cell lung carcinoma, 97S; molecular targets for cancer therapy and prevention, 97S; tobacco carcinogen-induced cellular transformation increases Akt activation in vitro and in vivo , 101S; role of p63 amplification and overexpression in lung cancer development, 102S; evaluation of H37 , a candidate 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene, as a therapeutic and diagnostic marker in lung cancer, 102S; molecular classification of lung cancer: a cross-platform comparison of gene expression data sets, 103S; class prediction of lung nodule gene expression profiles, 104S; construction and optimization of chromosome arm-specific comparative genomic hybridization arrays for identifying genetic alterations in preinvasive lung cancers, 104S; efficient identification and use of tumor-associated antibodies as markers of non-small cell lung cancer, 105S; caveolin-1 is down-regulated in human lung carcinoma and acts as a candidate tumor suppressor gene, 106S; retrovirus-induced lung cancer: mechanisms of transformation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, 106S; selective suppression of dendritic cell functions by cigarette smoke extract, 107S; buccal-lung comparison of quantitative expression of carcinogen and oxidant metabolism genes in human subjects, 107S; diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia as a precursor to pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, 108S; serum levels of surfactant protein D are increased in mice with lung tumors, 109S; high prevalence of endobronchial malignancy in high-risk patients with moderate dysplasia in sputum, 109S; regulated gap junction-cytoskeletal associations in rat alveolar epithelial cells, 110S; improvement and application of fluorescence inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction for the study of subclonal growths in lung epithelial cell populations, 110S; Sprouty 2 gene in mouse lung tumorigenesis, 111S; gene expression patterns, prognostic and diagnostic markers, and lung cancer biopsy, 111S; impact of cigarette smoke on the normal airway transcriptome, 115S; non-small cell lung cancer molecular profiles are associated with lung development, 115S; elevated hepatocyte growth factor level correlates with poor outcome in early-stage and late-stage adenocarcinoma of the lung, 116S; epigenetics in lung cancer: focus on progression and early lesions, 119S; γ-catenin expression is reduced or absent in a subset of human non-small cell lung cancers, and its re-expression inhibits cell growth, 122S; human lung cancer chemoprevention strategies: Parker B. Francis Lecture, 123S; airway antioxidants and oxidative stress as predictors of sputum atypia and airflow obstruction, 127S; chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer: what animal studies tell us, 128S; mechanisms of chemoprevention, 128S; chemokine receptor, CXCR2, mediates the tumorigenic effects of ELR+ CXC chemokines, 133S; ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibit lung cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by stimulation of P21 expression, 134S; cyclooxygenase-2 in lung carcinogenesis and chemoprevention: Roger S. Mitchell Lecture, 134S; cyclooxygenase-2-dependent expression of survivin in non-small cell lung cancer, 140S; prostacyclin in human non-small cell lung cancers, 141S; role of protein kinase B-dependent signaling in lung tumorigenesis, 141S; chemoprevention of lung cancer in transgenic mice, 144S; new lung cancer drugs from bradykinin antagonists, 148S; multicenter study comparing autofluorescence bronchoscopy to white light bronchoscopy using a non-laser light stimulation system, 148S; modulation of biomarkers during chemoprevention of mouse lung tumorigenesis by D-glucarate, 149S; mechanisms of lung cancer chemoprevention by D-glucarate, 149S; role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in lung cancer cell survival, 150S; potential role for activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule and neural cadherin in metastasis to the lung microcirculation, 150S; sputum dysplasia, related to bacterial load, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation in COPD, 151S; phospho-Akt overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer confers significant stage-independent survival disadvantage, 152S; lung cancer screening using low-dose high-resolution CT scanning in a high-risk workforce: 3,500 nuclear fuel workers in three US states, 152S; activation of the Akt/nuclear factor- k B signaling axis in developing lung neoplasia, 153S; new targets for detection and treatment of small cell lung cancer, 154S; evidence that inflammation encourages pulmonary adenocarcinoma formation in mice: clinical implications, 154S; use of standardized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the standardized expression measurement center in multiinstitutional trials to develop meaningful lung cancer classification based on molecular genetic criteria, 155S; SDF-1/ CXCL 12/CXCR4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases, 156S; pilot evaluation of micrometastases for the prediction of outcome in lung cancer, 156S; effects of budesonide on overall 5-methylcytosine levels and specific methylation and messenger RNA expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in mouse lung tumors, 157S; improved diagnostic sensitivity for lung cancer using an automated quantitative cytology system and uridine 5'-triphosphate-induced sputum specimens, 157S; screening for lung cancer: current status and future directions, 158S; lung cancer detection in asymptomatic patients with airflow obstruction, 163S; bimodality lung cancer screening in high-risk patients: a preliminary report, 163S; detection of melanoma antigen-A expression in sputum and bronchial lavage fluid of patients with lung cancer, 164S; experience with surgical intervention for screening-detected lung cancer, 167S; lung cancer: early events, early interventions; conference summary for the 46th annual Thomas L. Petty Aspen Lung Conference, 167S] chemoprevention, May Supp., 123S, 128S, 134S, 144S, 149S conventional vs endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a randomized trial, 322 CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules, 1747 CT-guided transbronchial biopsy using an ultrathin bronchoscope with virtual bronchoscopic navigation, 1138 effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer, 1467 is major pulmonary resection by video-assisted thoracic surgery an adequate procedure in clinical stage I lung cancer? 1742 lung cancer screening: response to Jerome Reich, MD, 350 managing the small pulmonary nodule discovered by CT, 1522 massive calcified mass in the lung, vol. 124:2010; erratum, vol. 125:1175 non-small cell, May Supp., 97S, 105S, 115S, 122S, 140S, 141S, 152S, 154S, 156S non-small cell, 2300 non-small cell, impact of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function on quality of life of long-term survivors of, 439 non-small cell lung cancer, early, association between lower lobe location and upstaging for, 1424 non-small cell lung cancer, potentially resectable, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scan in, 1413 non-small cell; prognostic factors in the surgical management of pericardial effusion in the patient with concurrent malignancy, 1328 non-small cell, suspected, utility of 99m Tc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and surgical staging in patients with, 494 re: contumacy vs mendacity revisited: response to Dr. Grannis’ letter, 351 relationship between a history of antecedent cancer and the probability of malignancy for a solitary pulmonary nodule, 2175 screening, May Supp., 152S, 158S, 163S, 167S seeking a home for a PET, part 1: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or masses, 2294 seeking a home for a PET, part 2: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer, 2300 serum levels of KL-6 for predicting the occurrence of radiation pneumonitis after stereotactic radiotherapy for lung tumors, 340 smoking and lung cancer survival: the role of comorbidity and treatment, 27 use of a clinical pathway to manage unsuspected radiographic findings, 1753 woman with chronic, unproductive cough and left lower lobe lung mass, 1148 Pulmonary nodules, a new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of, 2289 bilateral, secondary to leiomyomatosis, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:287S; clarification, vol. 125:356 class prediction of lung nodule gene expression profiles, May Supp., 104S in lung transplant recipients: etiology and outcome, 165 localization of, 796 multiple, a 50-year-old man with skin lesions and, 2322 seeking a home for a PET, part 1: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of masses or, 2294 small, managing, discovered by CT, 1522 small peripheral, CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of, 1747 solitary, relationship between a history of antecedent cancer and the probability of malignancy for, 2175 use of a clinical pathway to manage unsuspected radiographic findings, 1753 Pulmonary sequestration, hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive, 1944 Pulmonary shunts: See Shunts Pulmonary toxicity: See Drug toxicity Pulmonary tuberculosis: See Tuberculosis Pulmonary vascular resistance, clinical and exercise test determinants of survival after cardiac transplantation, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 feasibility of routine pulmonary arterial impedance measurements in pulmonary hypertension, 2121 Pulmonary vascular system: See also Pulmonary artery; Pulmonary circulation; Pulmonary vascular resistance; prolonged nitric oxide inhalation fails to regress hypoxic vascular remodeling in rat lung, 2247 Pulmonary ventilation: See Ventilation Pulse, irregular, abnormal ECG in man admitted to ICU with chest pain and, 775 Pulse oximetry: See Oximetry Pupil, fixed and dilated: See Eye Pursed-lip breathing: See Respiration Q fever, frequent error in etiology of round pneumonia, 1592 QT: See Electrocardiography Quality assurance, is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 Quality auditing, prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for, in intensive care, 1458 Quality of life, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S effects of anaerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled study, 1299 endurance and strength training in patients with COPD, 2036 health-related, gender differences in, in patients complaining of chronic cough, 482 health-related, measuring, in adults during an acute asthma exacerbation, 93 health-related, of persons with sarcoidosis, 997 impact of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function on, of long-term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer, 439 impaired, of healthy young smokers, 425 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, sleepiness, and, 2091 to infuse or not? 1182 Question of the month: See ACCP-SEEK board review question of the month Questionnaires, Acute Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, measuring health-related quality of life in adults during an acute asthma exacerbation, 93 health-related quality of life of persons with sarcoidosis, 997 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 survey of Medicaid recipients with asthma: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 Quinolones, empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 Rabbits, mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle are impaired in, with experimental cardiac pressure overload, 236 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in, 2268 Racial groups: See Ethnic groups Radiofrequency maze procedure, preoperative atrial size predicts the success of, for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery, 2129 Radiography: See also Roentgenogram of the month; daily routine chest radiographs, 1167, 1168 diffuse cystic lung diseases: correlation between radiologic and functional status, 135 idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the concept of the trump card, 359 routine chest radiographs after endoscopically guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy, 1173 use of a clinical pathway to manage unsuspected findings, 1753 Radioisotopes, localization of pulmonary nodules, 796 Radiotherapy, high dose rate brachytherapy for nonmalignant airway obstruction: new treatment option, vol. 124:1605; clarification, vol. 125:356 pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 stereotactic, serum levels of KL-6 for predicting the occurrence of radiation pneumonitis after, for lung tumors, 340 tracheobronchial amyloidosis: a case report of successful treatment with external beam radiation therapy, 784 Rats, can exogenously administered hyaluronan improve respiratory function in patients with pulmonary emphysema? 288 effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis, 243 endotoxemic, hypothermia induces anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase-mediated damage in the hearts of, 1483 oral N-acetylcysteine attenuates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in, 1500 prolonged nitric oxide inhalation fails to regress hypoxic vascular remodeling in lung [of], 2247 regulated gap junction-cytoskeletal associations in rat alveolar epithelial cells, May Supp., 110S Recurrence of cancer: See Neoplasm recurrence Reference values: See also Polysomnography; arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 Refugees, polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: impact on clinical management of, with pulmonary infiltrates, 981 Rehabilitation, cardiac, deep vein thrombosis among patients entering, after coronary artery bypass surgery, 191 effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD, 2021 peripheral muscle strength training in patients with COPD, 1589, 1590 Religion, a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 Reminders, computerized: See Computerized reminder system Renal failure: See Kidney failure Renal transplants: See Kidney transplantation Reperfusion, attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with nitric oxide in an in situ porcine model of normothermic lung ischemia, 2253 moderate systemic hypotension during, reduces the coronary blood flow and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 therapy, impact of systemic BP on coronary blood flow and infarct size during, for acute myocardial infarction: refinements beyond the “plumbing,” 1179 Research: See also Impact of basic research on tomorrow's medicine; Literature reviews no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 role of transforming growth factor β in lung development and disease, 754 top ten list in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1885 Research design, evaluating combination therapy in community-acquired pneumonia, 353 no more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please, 811 treatment with inhaled flunisolide, 1961, 1962 Respiration: See also Dyspnea; analysis of tidal breathing profiles in cystic fibrosis and COPD, 901 breath condensate pH in children with CF and asthma: a new non-invasive marker of airway inflammation? 2005 bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is absent in subjects with mild COPD, 2029 chest wall kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with COPD, 459 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in the expired breath condensate of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, 1005 evaluating noisy breathing in children: how far down the airway should one look? 1184 influence of immersion in water on muscle function and breathing pattern in patients with severe diaphragm weakness, 2069 Kapalabhati pranayama—breath of fire or cause of pneumothorax: a case report, 1951 markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 reversal of nocturnal periodic breathing in primary pulmonary hypertension after lung transplantation, 344 sleep, breathing, oxygen, and heart, 1596 use of nasopharyngoscopy in the evaluation of children with noisy breathing, 1265 Respiration, artificial: See also Pneumonia, ventilator-associated; acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure, 220 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 outcome of coal worker's pneumoconiosis with acute respiratory failure, 1052 outcome of lung transplant patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 outcomes in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of an evidence-based nutritional management protocol, 1446 prevalence and outcomes of caregiving after prolonged (≥ 48 hours) mechanical ventilation in the ICU, 597 safety of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, 1059 side effects of endotracheal suction in pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation, 1077 smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 tracheostomy for respiratory failure: we need more answers, 7 tracheostomy tube enabling speech during mechanical ventilation, 1046 Respirators, use, symptoms, pulmonary function changes and, among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center disaster, 1256 Respiratory distress syndrome, adult, alveolar granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and α-chemokines in relation to serum levels, pulmonary neutrophilia, and severity of lung injury in, 212 better characterization of acute lung injury/ARDS using lung water, 1166, 1167 “imitators” of: implication for diagnosis and treatment, 1530 polymorphism in the surfactant protein-B gene, gender, and the risk of direct pulmonary injury and, 203 role of open-lung biopsy in ARDS, 197 smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 successful aeromedical transport using inhaled prostacyclin for a patient with life-threatening hypoxemia, 1579 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 to B or not to B? it still is the question, 5 Respiratory failure: See also Respiration, artificial; acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 acute, outcome of coal worker's pneumoconiosis with, 1052 chronic, treatment of acute exacerbations of: integrated use of negative pressure ventilation and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, 2217 hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for, 220 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 integrated system for chronic disease management: can we apply lessons learned from France? 365 smoke/burn injury-induced, elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 survival of patients with bronchiectasis after the first ICU stay for, 1815 tracheostomy for: we need more answers, 7 Respiratory infections: See Pulmonary infections Respiratory insufficiency: See Respiratory failure Respiratory muscles, effect of lung volume reduction surgery on diaphragmatic neuromechanical coupling at 2 years, 2188 Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: See Heart rate Respiratory symptoms, asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 chronic, prevalence of asthma and, among Alaska Native children, 1665 decreased, after intervention in artificially ventilated offices in Sao Paulo, Brazil 326 impact of pulmonary function and, on quality of life of long-term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer, 439 obstructive lung disease among the urban homeless, 1719 physiologic assessment and, of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site, 1248 respirator use, and pulmonary function changes among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center disaster, 1256 respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers, 802 Respiratory therapy, comparison of lung deposition in two types of nebulization: intrapulmonary percussive ventilation vs jet nebulization, 502 educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects, 2224 Retrovirus-induced lung cancer: mechanisms of transformation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, May Supp., 106S Reviews, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 asbestos and the pleura: a review, 1103 brain natriuretic peptide in the management of heart failure: the versatile neurohormone, 652 common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 impact of right ventricular dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, 1539 pleural effusions in hematologic malignancies, 1546 pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 seeking a home for a PET, part 1: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or masses, 2294 seeking a home for a PET, part 2: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer, 2300 Rheumatic mitral stenosis, a 44-year-old man with suspected exacerbation of COPD and atrial fibrillation, 2340 increased circulating endothelin-1 in: irrelevance to left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, 390 mechanism of reducing platelet activity by percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty in patients with, 1629 percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty reduces circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in, 1213 Risedronate, recognizing and treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with pulmonary diseases, 1859 Right ventricle: See Ventricle, right Risk of death, prediction of, using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 Roentgenogram of the month, bronchial stricture and hemoptysis in a woman with sickle cell anemia, 766 dysphagia after Heimlich maneuver, 302 an 85-year-old man with a lung mass, 1121 a 50-year-old man with skin lesions and multiple pulmonary nodules, 2322 massive calcified mass in the lung, vol. 124:2010; erratum, vol. 125:1175 a 67-year-old woman with abnormal lung perfusion scan finding, 1941 unusual cause of chest pain, 1536 Rofecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, lowers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, 1610 Rush mat workers: See Occupational and environmental lung diseases Safety: See Patient safety Salmeterol, long-acting bronchodilators are the first-choice option for the treatment of stable COPD, 9 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 San Francisco: See California São Paulo, Brazil: See Brazil Saphenous vein, native matrix metalloproteinase characteristics may influence early stenosis of venous vs arterial coronary artery bypass grafting conduits, 1853 Sarcoidosis, cycle, 1171, 1172 diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, 527 endobronchial; bronchial stricture and hemoptysis in a woman with sickle cell anemia, 766 health-related quality of life of persons with, 997 mycobacteria in pathogenesis of, 354 pulmonary, 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in the expired breath condensate of patients with, 1005 pulmonary, membrane and capillary blood components of diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide in: relation to exercise gas exchange, 2061 race and short-term outcomes following lung transplantation, 990 top ten list in interstitial lung disease, 272 SARS: See Severe acute respiratory syndrome School-based case identification process for identifying inner city children with asthma: the Breathmobile program, 924 Schools, effects of a comprehensive school-based asthma program on symptoms, parent management, grades, and absenteeism, 1674 Scintigraphy, ECG score predicts those with the greatest percentage of perfusion defects due to acute pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 1651 a 67-year-old woman with abnormal lung perfusion scan finding, 1941 utility of 99m Tc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and surgical staging in patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer, 494 Screening, lung cancer: See Pulmonary neoplasms SDF-1/CXCL 12/CXCR4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases, May Supp., 156S Secondhand smoke: See Smoking Sedation, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 efficacy of premixed nitrous oxide and oxygen for fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 315 ketamine, safety and efficacy of, for infant flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 1132 proper balance, 13 Segmental early relaxation phenomenon: incidence, clinical characteristics, and significance in stress echocardiography, 1218 Selectins, L-, expression of adhesion molecules during apoptosis of circulating neutrophils in, 1837 [P-selectin]; mechanism of reducing platelet activity by percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis, 1629 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: See Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective Selenium, increased urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2 α is associated with lower plasma selenium levels and lower vegetable and fruit intake in an asbestos-exposed cohort at risk for lung cancer, May Supp., 83S Self-care, survey of Medicaid recipients with asthma: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 “Sendo” dust: See Dust Sepsis, common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 cytokines: the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 experimental, effects of hyperchloremic acidosis on arterial pressure and circulating inflammatory molecules in, 243 ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, TNF/TNFRI and Fas/FasL, 2238 severe, extended evaluation of recombinant human activated protein C United States trial: a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin alfa (activated) in, 2206 statin, inflammation and, 2365 Septal rupture, ventricular: See Heart septum September 11, 2001, attacks: See World Trade Center Septicemia, ICU admission of the lung transplant recipient following hospital discharge, 813 Sequestration: See Aorta; Pulmonary sequestration Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective, diagnosing neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1960, 1961 Serotonin syndrome, acute; diagnosing neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1960, 1961 Serotonin uptake, tianeptine: a new exploratory therapy for asthma, 348, 349 Serum: See Blood Serum globulin: See Globulin Severe acute respiratory syndrome, complicated by spontaneous pneumothorax, 2345 dispersal of respiratory droplets with open vs closed oxygen delivery masks: implications for the transmission of, 1155 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 Sheep, increasing renal blood flow: low-dose dopamine or medium-dose norepinephrine, 2260 smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 Shock, cardiogenic, association between the TNF-2 allele and a better survival from, 2232 common causes of troponin elevations in the absence of acute myocardial infarction: incidence and clinical significance, 1877 impact of right ventricular dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, 1539 statin, inflammation and sepsis, 2365 Shunts, new oxygenation index for reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in patients undergoing open-heart surgery, 592 Sick sinus syndrome, chronotropic incompetence in a young adult: case report and literature review, 297 Sickle cell anemia: See Anemia Sildenafil, hemodynamic response to nitric oxide, iloprost and, in primary pulmonary hypertension, 580 Silicone cylindrical sleeves: See Equipment Silicosis, pneumoconiosis in rush mat workers exposed to clay dye “sendo” dust: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in seven patients, 737 Silver nitrate, talc and, induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 Sinus conversion, preoperative atrial size predicts the success of radiofrequency maze procedure for permanent atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery, 2129 Sinus node dysfunction, 297 Sinus rhythm, normal, long-term maintenance of, in patients with current symptomatic atrial fibrillation: amiodarone vs propafenone, both in low doses, 377 Sinusitis, chronic, macrolides for the treatment of asthma, COPD and, Feb. Supp., 52S Skeletal muscles, exercise performance and, in patients with advanced Chagas disease, 1306 Skin, lesions a 50-year-old man with, and multiple pulmonary nodules, 2322 Skin test reactivity, to aeroallergens among asthmatic children in Connecticut, ethnicity and, 85 Sleep, breathing, oxygen, heart and, 1596 -related breathing disturbances, acidification of distal esophagus and, 2101 sonography, evaluation of the accuracy of SNAP technology in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in adults compared to standard polysomnography, 886 sphincter pharyngoplasty as a treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbance, 864 top ten list in pediatric lung disease, 1118 Sleep apnea, aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea, 112 history and, 1587, 1588 in children, adenotonsillectomy and, 2363, 2364 normal polysomnographic respiratory values in children and adolescents, 872 Sleep apnea syndromes, obstructive, a community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences, 127 acidification of distal esophagus and sleep-related breathing disturbances, 2101 cardiac troponin T in, 2097 complicating oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 334 effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on platelet activation in, 1768 evaluation of the accuracy of SNAP technology sleep sonography in detecting, in adults compared to standard polysomnography, 886 extrathoracic expiratory flow limitation in obesity and obstructive and restrictive disorders: effects of increasing negative expiratory pressure, 98 -hypopnea syndrome, corrected QT dispersion and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with, 2107 -hypopnea syndrome, white coat hypertension in patients with, 817 increased plasma interleukin-6 is associated with the pathogenesis of, 1964, 1965 lack of efficacy for a cervicomandibular support collar in the management of, 118 mandibular advancement devices in 630 men and women with snoring and: tolerability and predictors of treatment success, 1270 mandibular advancement titration for optimization of the procedure by combining clinical and oximetric parameters, 1761 obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: the name game continues, 352 plasma orexin-A levels in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 1963 portable monitoring for diagnosing: not yet ready for primetime, 809 prevalence of, in lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study, 879 QT dispersion: much ado about something? 1974 simultaneous use of antidepressant and antihypertensive medications increases likelihood of diagnosis of, 1279 sleepiness, and quality of life, 2091 white coat hypertension and: is there a link? 805 Sleep-disordered breathing, a community study of, in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences, 127 Sleepiness, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, quality of life and, 2091 Smoke injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 Smoking, activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD, 1706 answer is fifteen percent: what is the question? 3 bird-years as well as pack-years, 353 cessation, comparison of conservative and aggressive treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 435 cessation motivation and COPD, 1958 chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer: what animal studies tell us, May Supp., 128S cigarette, asthma and emphysema, vol. 124:2408; erratum, vol. 125:1175 do we really want to know why only some smokers get COPD? 1599 effect of cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary metastatic disease in a murine model of metastatic breast cancer, 1467 environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents, 1387 genetics of COPD, 1929 HIV-1 infection does not impair human alveolar macrophage phagocytic function unless combined with, 1071 impact of cigarette smoke on the normal airway transcriptome, May Supp., 115S impaired quality of life of healthy young smokers, 425 inhaled β-adrenoceptor agonists and left ventricular systolic function, 1174 lung cancer screening: response to Jerome Reich, MD, 350 lung cancer survival and [current smoking status]: the role of comorbidity and treatment, 27 markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers, 22 paradoxical effect of, in the Spanish population with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: results of the ARIAM register, 831 parental, prompts, concordance between parental and children's reports of, 429 patterns in African Americans and whites with advanced COPD, 15 perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of sputum CD8 + lymphocytes in patients with COPD, 71 pneumothorax in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 1028 prevalence of COPD in Greece, 892 re: contumacy vs mendacity revisited: response to Dr. Grannis’ letter, 351 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 risk and severity of COPD is associated with the group-specific component of serum globulin 1F allele, 63 selective suppression of dendritic cell functions by cigarette smoke extract, May Supp., 107S survey of Medicaid recipients with asthma: perceptions of self-management, access, and care, 1359 tobacco carcinogen-induced cellular transformation increases Akt activation in vitro and in vivo , May Supp., 101S uncontrolled hypertension, uncompensated type II diabetes, and, have different patterns of vascular dysfunction, 823 vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers, 557 Smooth muscle, tracheal: See Trachea SNAP technology: See Sonography Snoring, mandibular advancement devices in 630 men and women with obstructive sleep apnea and: tolerability and predictors of treatment success, 1270 Social factors, gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients complaining of chronic cough, 482 Society of Critical Care Medicine, critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 Sodium, clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions, 1561 Sonography, sleep, evaluation of the accuracy of SNAP technology in detecting obstructive sleep apnea in adults compared to standard polysomnography, 886 Spain, paradoxical effect of smoking in the Spanish population with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: results of the ARIAM register, 831 Special reports, cardiovascular effects of β-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, 2309 critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in the United States, 1512 critical care crisis in the United States: a report from the profession, 1514 guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia, 1888 integrated health system for chronic disease management: lessons learned from France, 695 is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 patient-focused care: the 2003 American College of Chest Physicians convocation speech, 1910 Speech, tracheostomy tube enabling, during mechanical ventilation, 1046 Sphincter pharyngoplasty: See Pharyngoplasty Spinal muscular atrophy, use of the mechanical in-exsufflator in pediatric patients with neuromuscular disease and impaired cough, 1406 Spinal prostaglandin formation and pain perception following thoracotomy: a role for cyclooxygenase-2, 1321 Spine, unusual cause of dyspnea in a 77-year-old man [cervical spondylosis], 770 Spiral needles: See Equipment Spirometry, airway obstruction is common but unsuspected in patients admitted to a general medicine service, 106 association of an abnormal exercise heart rate recovery with pulmonary function abnormalities, 1286 is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 office, significantly improves early detection of COPD in general practice: the DIDASCO study, 1394 respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center disaster site, 1248 Spleen, unusual cause of chest pain [thoracic splenosis], 1536 Splenosis, thoracic: See Spleen Spondylosis, cervical: See Spine Sports, field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes, 909 Sprouty 2 gene in mouse lung tumorigenesis, May Supp., 111S Sputum, airway antioxidants and oxidative stress as predictors of sputum atypia and airflow obstruction, May Supp., 127S bronchial dilatation in asthma: relation to clinical indices and, 1352 chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis, 336 development of chronic airway obstruction in patients with eosinophilic bronchitis: a prospective follow-up study, 1998 diagnosis of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients using invasive and noninvasive procedures, 541 dysplasia, related to bacterial load, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation in COPD, May Supp., 151S effects of pranlukast administration on vascular endothelial growth factor levels in asthmatic patients, 1700 high prevalence of endobronchial malignancy in high-risk patients with moderate dysplasia in sputum, May Supp., 109S improved diagnostic sensitivity for lung cancer using an automated quantitative cytology system and uridine 5'-triphosphate-induced sputum specimens, May Supp., 157S leukotriene modifier vs inhaled corticosteroid in mild-to-moderate asthma: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 perforin expression and cytotoxic activity of CD8 + lymphocytes in patients with COPD, 71 production, pulmonary function and, in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study comparing the PercussiveTech HF device and standard chest physiotherapy, 1507 SSRIs: See Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective Staphylococcus aureus , hospital mortality for patients with bacteremia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or, 607 Starch, blood and, in cardiac surgery, 2369 Statins, inflammation, sepsis and, 2365 Statistics, asthma: the epidemic has ended, or has it? 1969 Stem cell transplantation, autologous peripheral hematopoietic, increased exhaled nitric oxide following: a potential marker of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, 281 exhaled nitric oxide in pathophysiologic states: the substance behind the gas, 11 Sternotomy, wounds, effect of three wound dressings on infection, healing comfort, and cost in patients with: a randomized trial, 43 Strength training: See Exercise; Rehabilitation Streptococcus pneumoniae , contribution of C-reactive protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia, 1335 empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia: guidelines for the perplexed? 1913 guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia, 1888 Streptokinase, intrapleural, treatment of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion with, in children, 566 Stress echocardiography: See Echocardiography Stress testing: See Exercise Subclavian artery, a 67-year-old woman with abnormal lung perfusion scan finding, 1941 Suction cylinders: See Equipment Suction, endotracheal: See Trachea Supine position: See Posture Surfactant protein-A, increased levels, in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 617 Surfactant protein-B gene, polymorphism in, gender, and the risk of direct pulmonary injury and ARDS, 203 Surfactant protein-D, serum levels of surfactant protein D are increased in mice with lung tumors, May Supp., 109S Surgery: See also Heart surgery; Lung transplantation; Lung volume reduction surgery; Postoperative complications; Thoracoscopy, video-assisted; names of specific procedures, eg , Coronary artery bypass graft; Lobectomy; Pneumonectomy; accuracy and cost-effectiveness of [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography scan in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer, 1413 association between lower lobe location and upstaging for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, 1424 competencies in pulmonary procedures, 800 costs and clinical outcomes associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy, 1642 CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules, 1747 experience with surgical intervention for screening-detected lung cancer, May Supp., 167S hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive, 1944 lasers, staples, bovine pericardium, talc, glue and…suction cylinders? tools of the trade to avoid air leaks in lung volume reduction surgery, 361 lung volume reduction surgery in canine model of predominantly upper lobe emphysema: advantages of new [vacuum-assisted] surgical system, 633 new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules, 2289 plication for diaphragmatic eventration; a simple technique, not a simple problem, 1170 pneumothorax in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 1028 preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 prognostic factors in the surgical management of pericardial effusion in the patient with concurrent malignancy, 1328 prognostic implications of histologic patterns in multiple surgical lung biopsies from patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, 522 resection of the right middle lobe and lingula in children for middle lobe/lingula syndrome, 38 role of open-lung biopsy in ARDS, 197 SARS, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics, 1982 sphincter pharyngoplasty as a treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbance, 864 utility of 99m Tc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and surgical staging in patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer, 494 video-assisted thoracoscopic, is a promising treatment for solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 1144 Survival: See also Mortality; Outcomes; after prolonged submersion in freshwater in Florida, 1948 better, association between the TNF-2 allele and, from cardiogenic shock, 2232 clinical and exercise test determinants of, after cardiac transplantation, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 combined corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide therapy does not alter, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 2169 cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S impact of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function on quality of life of long-term survivors of non-small cell lung cancer, 439 long-term intermittent dobutamine infusion, combined with oral amiodarone for end-stage heart failure: a randomized double-blind study, 1198 of patients with bronchiectasis after the first ICU stay for respiratory failure, 1815 outcome of lung transplant patients admitted to the medical ICU, 1040 smoking and lung cancer survival: the role of comorbidity and treatment, 27 top ten list in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 1885 tracheostomy for respiratory failure: we need more answers, 7 Survivin, cyclooxygenase-2-dependent expression of survivin in non-small cell lung cancer, May Supp., 140S Sweden, asthma treatment preference study: a conjoint analysis of preferred drug treatments, 916 mandibular advancement devices in 630 men and women with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: tolerability and predictors of treatment success, 1270 variations in pediatric asthma hospitalization rates and costs between and within Nordic countries, 1680 Swine, attenuation of reperfusion-induced systemic inflammation by preconditioning with nitric oxide in an in situ porcine model of normothermic lung ischemia, 2253 moderate systemic hypotension during reperfusion reduces the coronary blood flow and increases the size of myocardial infarction in pigs, 1492 side effects of endotracheal suction in pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation, 1077 Sympathetic nervous system, corrected QT dispersion and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, 2107 Syphilis, secondary; a 50-year-old man with skin lesions and multiple pulmonary nodules, 2322 Systole, inhaled β-adrenoceptor agonists and left ventricular systolic function, 1174 Tachyarrhythmia, ventricular: See Torsades de pointes Taft, William H., apnea and history, 1587, 1588 Talc: See also Pleurodesis; poudrage, audit of medical thoracoscopy and, for pneumothorax prevention in advanced COPD, 1315 Tamponade: See Cardiac tamponade Tattooing, surgical, CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules, 1747 Technetium-99m depreotide scintigraphy: See Scintigraphy Technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid: See Diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid Technetium-99 macroaggregated albumin, a 67-year-old woman with abnormal lung perfusion scan finding, 1941 Terminal care, cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S Terrorist attacks (September 11, 2001): See World Trade Center Theophylline, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 Thermodilution, accurate, noninvasive continuous monitoring of cardiac output by whole-body electrical bioimpedance, 1431 Thoracentesis, clinical implications of appearance of pleural fluid at, 156 effect of repeated thoracenteses on fibrinolytic activity in malignant pleural effusion, 1965, 1966 safety of ultrasound-guided, in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, 1059 Thoracic duct, chyloptysis in adults: presentation, recognition, and differential diagnosis, 336 Thoracic splenosis: See Spleen Thoracic surgery, effect of lung volume reduction surgery on diaphragmatic neuromechanical coupling at 2 years, 2188 use of cardiopulmonary bypass during resection of locally advanced thoracic malignancies: a 10-year, two-center experience, 1581 Thoracoscopic surgery, video-assisted: See Thoracoscopy, video-assisted Thoracoscopy, a new safe and stable spiral wire needle for resection of lung nodules, 2289 effects of additional minocycline pleurodesis after thoracoscopic procedures for primary spontaneous pneumothorax, 50 medical, audit of, and talc poudrage for pneumothorax prevention in advanced COPD, 1315 new and emerging minimally invasive techniques for lung volume reduction, 777 video-assisted, is major pulmonary resection by, an adequate procedure in clinical stage I lung cancer? 1742 video-assisted; management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: there's confusion in the air, 1190 video-assisted; a new safe and stable spiral wire needle for thoracoscopic resection of lung nodules, 2289 video-assisted surgery is a promising treatment for solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 1144 Thoracotomy, association between lower lobe location and upstaging for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer, 1424 management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: there's confusion in the air, 1190 spinal prostaglandin formation and pain perception following: a role for cyclooxygenase-2, 1321 video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a promising treatment for solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura, 1144 Three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping: See Imaging techniques Thromboembolism: See also Pulmonary embolism; atrial fibrillation: non-pharmacologic therapies coming of age, 1977 ECG score predicts those with the greatest percentage of perfusion defects due to acute pulmonary thromboembolic disease, 1651 Thromboembolism, venous: See also Thrombosis, deep vein; clinical utility of D-dimer in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and nondiagnostic lung scans or negative CT findings, 851 postoperative, effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of, 1635 prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism in the hospital, 1595 Thrombolysis, impact of right ventricular dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, 1539 Thrombosis, association between serum C-reactive protein elevation and left ventricular thrombus formation after first anterior myocardial infarction, 384 deep vein, among patients entering cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery, 191 deep vein; effect of a computerized reminder system on the prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism, 1635 Thymic neuroendocrine tumors, PET scanning in the management of, 2368 Thyroid disease, benign or malignant, interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of tracheal obstruction secondary to, 723 Tianeptine: a new exploratory therapy for asthma, 348, 349 Tidal breathing: See Respiration Tiotropium, bromide, inhaled, effects of, on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD, 1726 long-acting bronchodilators are the first-choice option for the treatment of stable COPD, 9 role of long-acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD, 249 Tissue paper workers: See Occupational and environmental lung disease Tissue-type plasminogen activators: See Plasminogen Tobacco industry workers: See Occupational exposure Tobacco smoke: See Smoking Tomography, computed, CT fluoroscopy-guided bronchoscopic dye marking for resection of small peripheral pulmonary nodules, 1747 CT-guided transbronchial biopsy using an ultrathin bronchoscope with virtual bronchoscopic navigation, 1138 FDG-PET and, after talc pleurodesis, 2356 grading airway stenosis down to the segmental level using virtual bronchoscopy, 704 high-resolution; assessment of emphysema in COPD: a functional and radiologic study, 1714 high-resolution; diffuse cystic lung diseases: correlation between radiologic and functional status, 135 high-resolution, functional analysis in single-lung transplant recipients: a comparative study of 3 He-MRI, pulmonary function tests and, 173 high-resolution; idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the concept of the trump card, 359 high-resolution; pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: an unusual case and a review of the literature, 789 lung cancer screening using low-dose high-resolution CT scanning in a high-risk workforce: 3,500 nuclear fuel workers in three US states, May Supp., 152S managing the small pulmonary nodule discovered by, 1522 plication for diaphragmatic eventration; a simple technique, not a simple problem, 1170 spiral angiogram; hemoptysis in a 38-year-old woman receiving an oral contraceptive, 1944 woman with chronic, unproductive cough and left lower lobe lung mass, 1148 Tomography, positron emission, evaluation of pleural disease with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging, 489 [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose, accuracy and cost-effectiveness of, in potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer, 1413 FDG-PET, computed tomography after talc pleurodesis, 2356 positron emission, scanning in the management of thymic neuroendocrine tumors, 2368 seeking a home for a PET, part 1: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or masses, 2294 seeking a home for a PET, part 2: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the staging of patients with suspected lung cancer, 2300 utility of 99m Tc depreotide compared with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose, and surgical staging in patients with suspected non-small cell lung cancer, 494 Torsades de pointes, influence of IV haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs, 1821 Trachea, anatomic evaluation of postural bronchial drainage of the lung with special reference to patients with tracheal intubation: which combination of postures provides the best simplification? 935 mechanical properties of tracheal smooth muscle are impaired in the rabbit with experimental cardiac pressure overload, 236 obstruction secondary to benign or malignant thyroid disease, interventional bronchoscopy for treatment of, 723 side effects of endotracheal suction in pressure- and volume-controlled ventilation, 1077 tracheobronchial amyloidosis: a case report of successful treatment with external beam radiation therapy, 784 Tracheal neoplasms, tracheobronchial adenoid cystic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases, 1160 Tracheal stenosis, balloon dilatation using flexible bronchoscopy for the management of benign and malignant airway stenoses, 354 Tracheobronchial stenosis: See Bronchial stenosis; Tracheal stenosis Tracheostomy, for respiratory failure: we need more answers, 7 hospital and long-term outcome after, for respiratory failure, 220 percutaneous dilatational, endoscopically guided, routine chest radiographs after, 1173 percutaneous, emphysema and pneumothorax after: case reports and an anatomic study, 1805 tube enabling speech during mechanical ventilation, 1046 Transbronchial needle aspiration: See Biopsy Transcriptome, impact of cigarette smoke on the normal airway transcriptome, May Supp., 115S Transforming growth factor β, role of, in lung development and disease, 754 Transforming growth factor-β 1 , extracellular matrix-associated fibronectin expression and, in pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 1063 Transluminal mitral valvuloplasty, percutaneous: See Heart valves Transplantation: See Bone marrow transplantation; Heart transplantation; Lung transplantation; Stem cell transplantation Transpyloric feeding tube placement: See Enteral feeding Trauma, prediction of risk of death using 30-day outcome: a practical end point for quality auditing in intensive care, 1458 Trauma, head: See Head trauma Treadmill test: See Exercise Treatment, withdrawal, in ISOLDE study, 2368 Troponins: See Cardiac troponin Trypanosoma cruzi: See Chagas disease Tuberculosis, comparison of six biological markers for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis, 987 diagnostic value of transbronchial needle aspiration by Wang 22-gauge cytology needle in intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, 527 modified quantiferon assay may help diagnose latent infection and hard-to-identify active disease, Oct. Supp., vol. 124:115S; clarification, vol. 125:356 multidrug-resistant, hypokalemia among patients receiving treatment for, 974 pleural, diagnosing, 2366 polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis: impact on clinical management of refugees with pulmonary infiltrates [comparison with acid-fast smear], 981 preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 pulmonary, active, vascular endothelial growth factor levels in, 2156 pulmonary; prospective analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors of postbronchoscopy fever, 945 pulmonary, regional deposition of aerosolized interferon-γ in, 2146 Tumor necrosis factor-α activation of bronchial epithelial cells in smokers without airway obstruction and patients with COPD, 1706 -α, effect of repeated thoracenteses on fibrinolytic activity in malignant pleural effusion, 1965, 1966 -α, in pleural fluid: a marker of complicated parapneumonic effusions, 160 association between the TNF-2 allele and a better survival from cardiogenic shock, 2232 cytokines: the tomb markers of the ICU, 1980 genetics of COPD, 1929 serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, TNF/TNFRI and Fas/FasL, in sepsis, 2238 smoke/burn injury-induced respiratory failure elicits apoptosis in ovine lungs and cultured lung cells, ameliorated with arteriovenous CO 2 removal, 1472 Tumor suppressor genes, caveolin-1 is down-regulated in human lung carcinoma and acts as a candidate tumor suppressor gene, May Supp., 106S evaluation of H37 , a candidate 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene, as a therapeutic and diagnostic marker in lung cancer, May Supp., 102S Turkey, preoperative pulmonary consultation at a university hospital, 1966, 1967 Twins: See Family Twitching motility, Feb. Supp., 64S Ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, conventional vs endobronchial: a randomized trial, 322 localization of pulmonary nodules, 796 making an impossible mission possible [detecting hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy], 293 safety of guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation, 1059 Unfolded protein: See Protein United States, asthma: the epidemic has ended, or has it? 1969 clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1183 critical care crisis in: a report from the profession, 1514 critical care medicine crisis: a call for federal action; white paper from the critical care professional societies, 1518 critical care professional societies address the critical care crisis in, 1512 guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia, 1888 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Urban health: See Public health Urban homeless: See Homeless Uridine 5'-triphosphate-induced sputum specimens, improved diagnostic sensitivity for lung cancer using an automated quantitative cytology system and, May Supp., 157S Uterus, a 44-year-old Jehovah's Witness with life-threatening anemia from uterine bleeding, 1151 Vaccination: See Influenza Vacuum-assisted surgical system: See Surgery Vagal nerve, respiratory sinus arrhythmia: why does the heartbeat synchronize with respiratory rhythm? 683 Valvuloplasty: See Heart valves Vancomycin, linezolid and, in nosocomial pneumonia, 2370 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1: See Cell adhesion molecules Vascular dysfunction, uncontrolled hypertension, uncompensated type II diabetes, and smoking have different patterns of, 823 Vascular endothelial growth factor, levels, effects of pranlukast administration on, in asthmatic patients, 1700 levels in active pulmonary tuberculosis, 2156 talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits, 2268 Vasodilators, hemodynamic response to sildenafil, nitric oxide, and iloprost in primary pulmonary hypertension, 580 pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644 VATS: See Thoracoscopy, video-assisted Velopharyngeal incompetence, sphincter pharyngoplasty as a treatment of, in young people: a prospective evaluation of effects on sleep structure and sleep respiratory disturbance, 864 Venous thromboembolism: See Thromboembolism, venous; Thrombosis, deep vein Ventilation, assessment of symptoms and exercise capacity in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease, 368 exercise for fun and profit: joint statement on exercise by the American Thoracic Society and the American College of Chest Physicians, 1 Ventilation, intrapulmonary percussive: See Aerosols Ventilation, mechanical: See Respiration, artificial Ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy: See Scintigraphy Ventilator-associated pneumonia: See Pneumonia, ventilator-associated Ventilator weaning, acute asthma in adults: a review, 1081 Ventricle, left, hypertrophy; making an impossible mission possible, 293 influence of IV haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs, 1821 measurement of ejection fraction after myocardial infarction in the population, 397 pulmonary manifestations of left heart failure, 669 systolic function, inhaled β-adrenoceptor agonists and, 1174 thrombus formation, association between serum C-reactive protein elevation and, after first anterior myocardial infarction, 384 use of novel nonfluoroscopic three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system to monitor and analyze heart surgery in animal models, 1830 Ventricle, right, feasibility of routine pulmonary arterial impedance measurements in pulmonary hypertension, 2121 hypertrophy and dilatation, effects of epoprostenol on, in pulmonary hypertension, 572 impact of dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, 1539 influence of IV haloperidol on ventricular repolarization and monophasic action potential duration in anesthetized dogs, 1821 Ventricular compliance, clinical and exercise test determinants of survival after cardiac transplantation, vol. 124:2000; clarification, vol. 125:1175 Ventricular repolarization, QT dispersion: much ado about something? 1974 Ventricular septal rupture: See Heart septum Ventricular tachyarrhythmia: See Torsades de pointes Veterans hospitals: See Hospitals Video-assisted thoracoscopy: See Thoracoscopy Viral infections, community-acquired pneumonia in nonimmunocompromised adults, 1343 pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes, 260 respiratory viruses and severe lower respiratory tract complications in hospitalized patients, 1033 Vital capacity, forced, genetics of COPD, 1929 is my lung function really that good? flow-type spirometer problems that elevate test results, 1902 term ambiguity, 797 Vitamin E beta-carotene supplementation and, and hospital-treated pneumonia incidence in male smokers, 557 Voice tracheostomy tube: See Speech Volume-controlled ventilation: See Respiration, artificial Volumetric capnography: See Capnography Wang 22-gauge cytology needle: See Biopsy War refugees: See Refugees Water, extravascular: See Lung Wedge pressure, capillary: See Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Weight: See also Obesity; excess, prevalence and secular trends of, and impact on outcomes after myocardial infarction in the community, 1205 influence of overweight on ICU mortality: a prospective study, 1441 reduction, effect of, on respiratory function and airway reactivity in obese women, 2046 survey of clinical practice of lung transplantation in North America, 1224 Wheezing, history of ear infections and prevalence of asthma in a national sample of children aged 2 to 11 years: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994, 1685 White coat hypertension: See Hypertension Whole-body electrical bioimpedance: See Electrical impedance Winter Olympics: See Sports Wire needles: See Equipment Withdrawal of treatment in ISOLDE study, 2368 Women, Chinese, middle-aged, a community study of sleep-disordered breathing in, in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences, 127 cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report, Jan. Supp., 1S–39S gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients complaining of chronic cough, 482 geographic and gender variability in the prevalence of bronchial responsiveness in Canada, 1657 mandibular advancement devices in 630 men and women with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: tolerability and predictors of treatment success, 1270 obese, effect of weight reduction on respiratory function and airway reactivity in, 2046 polymorphism in the surfactant protein-B gene, gender, and the risk of direct pulmonary injury and ARDS, 203 reference values for arterial blood gases in the elderly, 2053 respiratory findings in tobacco industry workers, 802 Wood smoke exposure: See Environmental exposure Work hours, work-related asthma-like symptoms among florists, 2336 Workload, relationship between single-breath diffusion capacity of the lung for nitric oxide and carbon monoxide during various exercise intensities, 1019 Workplace-related illness: See Occupational and environmental lung diseases; Occupational exposure World health: See International health World Trade Center, respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the disaster site, 1248 symptoms, respirator use, and pulmonary function changes among New York City firefighters responding to the disaster, 1256 Wound dressings: See Wound healing Wound healing, three wound dressings, effect of, on infection, healing comfort, and cost in patients with sternotomy wounds: a randomized trial, 43 Yoga, Kapalabhati pranayama—breath of fire or cause of pneumothorax: a case report, 1951 Z protein, Z α 1 -antitrypsin polymerizes in the lung and acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant, 1952 Zafirlukast, leukotriene modifier vs inhaled corticosteroid in mild-to-moderate asthma: clinical and anti-inflammatory effects, 1693 Zaprinast, pulmonary responses to selective phosphodiesterase-5 and phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, 644
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