From awareness to action: a comparative study of family medical history and preventive health behaviors in Saudi Arabia and Syria.

BACKGROUND

Family medical history (FMH) is a practical and cost-effective tool for identifying individuals at increased risk of genetic and chronic diseases. However, its effective utilization depends on awareness, attitudes, and the translation of these factors into health-related practices and preventive behaviors, which may vary across populations.

OBJECTIVE

To assess and compare FMH awareness, attitudes, health-related practices, and preventive behaviors among adults in Saudi Arabia and Syria.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured online questionnaire distributed via digital platforms. A total of 586 participants (Saudi Arabia: 307; Syria: 279) were included. Four domains were evaluated: awareness, attitudes, health-related practices, and preventive behaviors. Outcomes were classified as favorable using Bloom's cut-off (≥60%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

Favorable levels were observed in 53.4% for awareness, 74.2% for attitudes, 48.5% for health-related practices, and 44.0% for preventive behaviors. Although a majority of participants demonstrated awareness of FMH and positive attitudes toward genetic screening, engagement in preventive actions was limited. Only 45.2% had undergone medical testing and 45.1% reported lifestyle modifications based on familial risk. A pronounced intention-behavior gap was identified, with 74.2% expressing willingness to undergo screening but substantially fewer reporting actual engagement. Participants from Saudi Arabia exhibited significantly higher levels of preventive practices compared to those from Syria (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified age, gender, education level, and country of residence as significant predictors of preventive behaviors.

CONCLUSION

Despite moderate awareness and favorable attitudes, engagement in preventive practices remains suboptimal, indicating a clear gap between intention and action. These findings highlight the need for context-specific, multi-level strategies that address both behavioral and structural barriers to improve the effective use of FMH in preventive healthcare.