Background
Patients with bone metastasis often present with severe pain that is difficult to control. The ASTRO guideline and its update recommend palliative analgesic radiotherapy for bone metastases [ 1 , 2 ]. However, the effects of pain control therapies vary from one patient to another. In the past, the target setting of two-dimensional radiotherapy and 3D-CRT included the whole diseased vertebral body to treat spinal metastases, despite some patients suffering from pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, and other side effects of an excessive dose or range of vertebral irradiation.
The ISRC proposed dividing vertebral body into six parts in the target setting of spinal stereotactic radiosurgery, as shown in Fig. 1 . As reported by a prospective study [ 3 ], there is a need to expand the CTV in SBRT for include adjacent physiologically occurring bone marrow spaces, which may have subclinical diseases and may become local recurrent lesions. The ISRC consensus guidelines on the target volume of spinal SRS suggest that CTV should include bone marrow signals suspected of microscopic invasion and adjacent normal bone. If the spinous processes, lamina / bilateral pedicle and vertebral body are affected or there are extensive metastatic diseases around the epidural space, the circumferential TVs around the spinal cord should be used [ 4 ]. Fig. 1 The International Spine Radiosurgery Consortium proposed to divide each vertebral body into 6 sectors: Sector 1 represents the vertebral body, sector 2 represents the left pedicle, sector3 represents the left transverse process and lamina, sector 4represents the spinous process, sector 5 represents the right transverse process and lamina, and sector 6 represents the right pedicle
At present, there is a single-center phase II prospective cohort study comparing the effect on pain control of conventional radiotherapy and SBRT in patients with spinal metastasis. In both treatment groups, patients had a comparable decrease in pain and analgesic use in the 3 months following treatment [ 2 , 5 ]. However, there have no randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of local irradiation and whole vertebral irradiation on pain control in IMRT [ 6 ]. Therefore, we designed a randomized controlled trial to evaluate if irradiation of local metastases in the vertebral body as well as whole vertebral body irradiation can effectively control pain. We also investigated if side effects such as twinkling bone pain, spinal cord radiation injury, vertebral compression fracture, and nerve root compression were reduced.
Methods
This study was registered in the ChiCTR (No: ChiCTR1900023401). This is a multicenter, prospective, phase II randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients with solid tumors diagnosed pathologically at our hospital were collected. All patients had vertebral metastases and pain symptoms. Patients will be randomized into 2 groups: study group ’ s clinical target volume setting was according to the ISRC consensus guidelines that recommend the vertebral body be divided into six parts, which include the area of vertebral destruction and adjacent parts, and control group’s clinical target volume include the whole vertebral body, The two groups of clinical target volume settings are shown in Fig. 2 . Two groups will receive treatment with the same dose of 95% PTV DT 30 Gy/10 f IGRT (Image Guided Radiation Therapy). Fig. 2 The experimental and control group clinical target volume setting (red line): A The clinical target volume setting of the experimental group was as follows: vertebral and adjacent tissue destruction according to the International Spine Radiosurgery Consortium consensus guidelines that recommend that the vertebral body is divided into six parts. B The clinical target volume setting of the control group: the entire vertebra that has been destroyed
Before starting treatment, the qualified recruitment participants will explain the common ethical issues, objectives, design, description, implementation, requirements and schedule of this study to every potential study participant.
Objectives
The primary endpoint is pain relief rate. The secondary endpoints are the incidence and types of side effects.
Inclusion criteria
Aged 18-80 years Patients with vertebral metastasis of solid tumors confirmed by pathology and imaging, and a number of discontinuous vertebral metastases ≤ 3, who had no tumor tissue compressing the spinal cord ECOG0-1 No serious chronic diseases, such as severe hypertension, diabetes or heart disease There was no contraindication to radiotherapy and no previous radiotherapy targeting a vertebral metastasis Estimated survival time ≥ 3 months The patient or their family members sign the informed consent form and were willing to cooperate with the follow-up
Exclusion criteria
Bone destruction in benign diseases and diffuse bone destruction, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia with bone marrow infiltration Participated in other clinical trials of drug or physical therapy for target lesions in the past four weeks Uncontrolled and/or severe disease, including: Myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia (≥ 2 levels of congestive heart failure according to the NYHA and QTc ≥ 480 ms) ≥ CTCA Elevel 2 infection or long-term unhealed wound Active bleeding due to dysfunctional coagulation Systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 180 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 110 mmHg According to the judgment of the researchers, the tumor invaded the large blood vessels and likely caused fatal bleeding during the treatment Those who had a history of drug abuse and were unable to quit, or had mental disorders Had received surgery or radiotherapy for the target lesion in the past six months The researcher judged that there were serious accompanying diseases that would endanger the safety of patients or affect the completion of the study.
Drop-out criteria
The withdrawal of the informed consent of patients. A decision by the researchers to discontinue the study to ensure patients’ safety A decision by the researchers or patients to stop the research in case of toxic side effects Researchers’ judgment
Radiotherapy
Before radiotherapy, all patients received computed tomography (CT) scans with a thickness of 3 to 5 mm. These CT scans were used to contour the gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OARs). The GTV was profiled according to CT scans, MRI and ECT. The clinical target volumes include the area of vertebral destruction and adjacent parts (study group) or the whole vertebral body (control group). The planning target volume (PTV) include organ movement and a daily setting error of 0.3 cm based on the CTV. Radiotherapy will be performed as IGRT, which will be administered using a line accelerator (energy = 6MV) in 10fractions (3 Gy/ fractionation, once a day from Monday to Friday).
Data collection and management
This study will collect the patient’s name, age, gender, diagnosis of primary tumor, location and number of vertebral metastases, pain score and imaging findings. The above information will be recorded in a unique case report for each patient. These data will be input and saved in the electronic data management system established by Mianyang Central Hospital. The final data will be reviewed, locked and used for final data analysis by key researchers and statistical analysts.
Measurement of the primary and secondary endpoints
Pain relief will be assessed by patients using the numerical rating scale before radiotherapy, two weeks, three months, six months and every six months after radiotherapy. The pain relief rate is the primary endpoint of this study. The secondary endpoint was a follow-up on the occurrence of side effects and the positive results of imaging, such as radiation spinal cord injury and pathological fracture. The vertebral bodies will be scanned with CT to identify radiogenic injury of the spinal cord and vertebral compression fracture.
Adverse events are being recorded in accordance with the requirements of the MedDRA. The classification of side effects was based on the CTCAE of National Cancer Institute.
Statistical analysis and randomization
We estimated the sample size based on paper of Fleiss, JL et al. [ 7 ]. We performed non-inferiority and equivalence trials with α = 0.025, 1-β = 0.8 and non-inferiority Δ = -0.15 using Pearson X 2 test, power = 0.809, H 0: πt—πc ≤ -0.15, H 1: πt—πc > -0.15.We estimate a loss to follow-up rate of 10% and the resultant required number of patients was 66. The rate of pain relief in patients with vertebral metastases receiving radiotherapy will be measured according to the results of previous trials including that by Howell et al. [ 8 ]. Randomization will be administered centrally by the SPSS24.0 software at Mianyang central hospital. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomized on a1:1 basis to one of the 2 groups. The randomization will conduct by Mianyang Central Hospital through spss24.0 software. Patients who meet the enrollment conditions will enter the control group and the study group in a ratio of 1:1.
The number, proportion and 95% confidence interval of patients with pain relief will be reported. The related toxicity will analyze by Fisher exact test.
Ethics
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mianyang Central Hospital (NO 2019YJ30). The ethics committee will supervise and administer the study.
Status
This trial was registered in the ChiCTR (NO: ChiCTR1900023401). The recruitment starts in January 2021 and is planned to be completed in two years.
Discussion
Approximately one-third of patients with advanced malignant tumors will experience bone metastasis, and the spine is the most common bone metastasis, especially the lumbar spine and thoracic [ 9 , 10 ]. Patients with bone metastasis often present with severe pain that is difficult to control. Some patients with vertebral metastasis even have pathological fractures and spinal cord compression. Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for alleviating the symptoms of bone metastasis [ 11 – 13 ].
The 2017 ASTRO update on palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases continues to recommend that patients with bone metastases can be selectively treated with 8 Gy/1 f, 20 Gy/5 f, 2 Gy/6 f, or 30 Gy/10 f with four different fractionation methods [ 14 – 16 ]. The 30 Gy/10 f and 8 Gy/1 f doses are widely used in conventional radiotherapy. Existing research has shown that the effects on pain relief of single radiotherapy and fractional radiotherapy are similar [ 11 , 15 – 18 ]. However, Rades et al. showed that the recurrence of pain caused by vertebral metastases treated with large fractionation therapy could be as high as 26%, compared with conventional long-term treatment with 30 Gy/10 f, which showed better local control [ 19 ]. This is the basis for the selection of 30 Gy/10 F fractionated irradiation in our trial. We suspect that the reason for the difference in pain control and duration of pain relief may be related to the dose limitation of spinal nerves in patients with vertebral metastases. Therefore, current research on radiotherapy of vertebral metastases focuses on increasing the radiation dose without increasing the side effects to achieve better pain control [ 20 ].
According tothe2012 ISRC consensus guidelines on the target volume of spinal SRS, unless the spinous processes, lamina / bilateral pedicle and vertebral body are affected or there are extensive metastatic diseases around the epidural space, the circumferential TVs around the spinal cord should not be used. The guidelines emphasized that published guidelines on indications and practice patterns for spinal SRS are limited and there is no consensus on the definition of target volume [ 2 ]. We propose a safe and effective reduction of the target area in IGRT radiotherapy, which can effectively avoid the excessive irradiation of nerve, spinal cord and other normal tissues, and correspondingly improve the target dose setting.
If this trial can prove that local irradiation is equivalent to whole vertebral body irradiation in terms of pain relief, then the next step will be to increase the irradiation dose on the reduced target area in order to achieve higher pain control rate of vertebral metastasis and improve the quality of life of patients with vertebral metastasis.
Abbreviations
American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
International Spine Radiosurgery Consortium
3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy
Clinical target volume
Stereotactic body radiation therapy
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry
New York Heart Association classification
Image-guided radiation therapy
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities
Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events
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Acknowledgements
Not applicable
Authors’ contributions
Each author had participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. XBD: Designed this Study. LY: Performed the statistical analysis. LDG, DFW, TZD and FG: Helped to interpret the data. XBD and LY: Writing of original draft. All authors reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Mianyang Science and Technology Bureau (15-S01–3). The Study Protocol has undergone full external peer review by the funding body as part of the peer review process. Funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mianyang Central Hospital, Sichuan, China (Number: 2019YJ30). All patients who meet the inclusion criteria and provide informed consent will participate in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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