Patient reported outcome measures in a large cohort of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease.

Introduction

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) were developed as a method to ascertain and quantitate patients' views of their symptoms, their functional status, and their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [ 1 ]. Patients' reports are the best available and the most reliable and valid method for obtaining information on unobservable events such as pain and fatigue. The PROM provides unique information on a patient's perception of both the disease and the management of the disease that could not be collected in any other way [ 2 , 3 ].

Gaucher disease (GD), one of the two most common inherited lysosomal storage disorders, is known for its phenotypic heterogeneity [ 4 , 5 ]. Patients with type 1 GD (GD1) may present with significant clinical features such as hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, anemia, fatigue, and bone disease, whereas other patients with GD1 may be very mildly affected or even asymptomatic [ 6 ]. With the introduction of disease-specific therapy for patients with GD1 in the form of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT), the wellbeing of patients with GD1 has largely improved, but not without significant cost to the patient and society [ 7 , 8 ]. Using PROM to understand the health status and treatment effects of patients with GD1 in the current era is an important step towards improving patient care [ 9 ].

In the past, PROM in patients with GD used non-disease specific tools, such as the Short-Form-36 and Brief Pain InventoryEuroQoL-5D, with limited responsiveness of PROM to small differences between groups of disease phenotype [ 10 ]. Recently, a GD1-specific PROM (GD1-PROM) was developed with input from patients, which included 15 questions; six Point Verbal Response Scale regarding the last month and nine Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) from 0 to 10 regarding the previous week. This study is the first to report PROM and predictors for PROM in a large cohort of patients with GD1 using a mobile version of GD1-PROM.

Methods

The GD1-PROM was developed by Shire/Takeda based on the input of adult patients with GD and of worldwide physicians managing patients with GD. Content validity of the GD1-PROM was completed, including rounds of combined concept elicitation and concept debriefing interviews. The GD1-PROM was developed specifically for patients with GD1 and was validated in patients with GD1. A certified Hebrew-translated version of GD1-PROM was provided to us by the developers (Shire/Takeda) [ 11 ]. A Google Docs-based survey, constructed from the items of the GD1-PROM, was sent via mobile SMS notice to 405 adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with GD1 who had visited the Gaucher Unit at Shaare Zedek Medical Center (SZMC) at least once in the previous 2 years and who had a mobile device. The study design was approved by the SZMC IRB. An IRB waiver was received for signing a full-length informed consent. In the SMS notice, there was an explanation regarding the PROM, and if interested in proceeding, patients were prompted to insert their ID number before answering the PROM. Only responses with IDs were collected for this report. The IRB approved the publication of the anonymous data.

Demographics, clinical data, and treatment status were extracted from clinic charts. Based on the definition of "generation" we categorized five age groups (18–25, 26–43, 44–55, 56–73, 74 and older) [ 12 ]. Untreated patients were defined as patients who had never received any specific GD- treatment (ERT or SRT). The severity scoring index (SSI) at the time of presentation was calculated [ 13 ]. In our unit, levels of lyso-Gb1 are done routinely at each clinic visit. The levels drawn in the clinic visit closest to the date of answering the PROM were collected from the clinic charts.

Statistical analysis

Results are presented as median and range. T-test and Mann–Whitney were used to compare normally distributed and non-parametric continuous data in independent samples, respectively. A Chi-square test was used to compare categorical data. Proportional odds logistics regression was used to analyze the Likert scale data. The variables included in the analysis were age, gender, SSI at the time of presentation, recent lyso-Gb1 levels and treatment status. Since multi-comparisons were done, results were considered to be statistically significant when two-tailed p-values were ≤ 0.01.

Results

A total of 192 (47.4%) active adult patients with GD1 responded to the mobile phone survey (Table 1 ). Two-thirds of the patients were homozygous for the c.1226A>G (N370S) mutation. A third of patients followed in the Gaucher unit never received GD specific therapy. Those untreated patients were mainly homozygous for the c.1226A>G (N370S) mutation, diagnosed at an older age, and had a lower SSI (Table 1 ). The age, sex, SSI, and homozygosity to the c.1226A>G (N370S) mutation of those that responded (study cohort) were similar to the entire SZMC database. Table 1 Characterization of adults' patients with Gaucher disease type 1 in our unit and in the study cohort SZMC unit b Study cohort Total Untreated Treated p value* Number – 192 68 124 Age, years a Untreated 45 (22–83) Treated 49 (19–91) 48 (20–91) 47 (20–76) 49.5 (22–91) NS Female Untreated 61% Treated 54% 111 (57.8%) 43 (62.3%) 68 (54.8%) NS Severity score index a Untreated 2 (0–13) Treated 7 (1–25) 5 (0–25) 2 (0–13) 7 (2–25) < 0.0001 Homozygosity to the c.1226A>G (N370S) mutation Untreated 80% Treated 62% 133 (69.3%) 57 (83.8%) 75 (60.5%) 0.001 * Comparing treated and untreated patients in study cohort a Median(range) b Data were extracted from the SZMC database

The responses to the Likert scale questions regarding the previous month are presented in Table 2 . The responses to six questions were significantly different between treated and untreated patients (Table 2 ). Almost all of the untreated patients reported that the GD did not restrict their education/job and fun activities, whereas 25%–30% of treated patients reported that the GD did restrict their education/job and fun activities a little or some of the time. Untreated patients were significantly less concerned about being at risk for bone disease and of GD-related medical issues compared to treated patients. Table 2 Responses on the Likert scale questions over the past month in patients receiving Gaucher-disease specific therapy (Yes) and in untreated patients (No) Questions None of the time A little of the time Some of the time Most of the time All of the time p value* Treatment status Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 1. My GD has restricted my education/job 80 (67%) 64 (94%) 17 (14%) 4 (6%) 19 (16%) 0 3 (2.5%) 0 1 (0.5%) 0 0.002 2. My GD has restricted fun activities with friends 94 (76%) 66 (97%) 14 (11%) 2 (3%) 12 (10%) 0 2 (1.5%) 0 1 (0.5%) 0 0.002 3. My GD has restricted my ability to have intimate relationships with my spouse/partner 94 (90%) 61 (100%) 6 (6.5%) 0 4 (2%) 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 4. My GD has restricted my ability to take part in hobbies and leisure activities 88 (71%) 61 (90%) 17 (14%) 4 (6%) 12 (10%) 3 (4%) 4 (3%) 0 2 (2%) 0 0.013 5. I have been concerned that I am an emotional burden to others because of my GD 94 (77%) 64 (95.5%) 13 (11%) 3 (4.5%) 10 (7.5%) 0 3 (2.5%) 0 2 (2%) 0 0.016 6. Because of my GD, I am concerned I will be at risk of bone disease 35 (28.5%) 38 (56%) 31 (25%) 16 (23.5%) 39 (32%) 13 (19%) 10 (8%) 0 8 (6.5%) 1 (1.5%) 0.007 7. Because of my GD, I am concerned I will be at risk of cancers 78 (65%) 49 (73%) 19 (16%) 10 (15%) 21 (17.5%) 7 (10.5%) 0 0 2 (1.5%) 1 (1.5%) 0.3 8. Because of my GD, I am concerned I will be at risk of Parkinson 43 (36%) 40 (59%) 25 (21%) 15 (22%) 46 (38%) 11 (16%) 3 (2.5%) 1 (1.5%) 3 (2.5%) 1 (1.5%) 0.1 9. Because of my GD, I am concerned I will be a financial burden 62 (50.5%) 48 (72%) 28 (23%) 11 (16%) 23 (19%) 8 (12%) 3 (2.5%) 0 6 (5%) 0 0.06 10. I am concerned I will not get the best therapy because of budget issues 72 (60%) 36 (54.5%) 23 (19.5%) 19 (29%) 16 (13%) 7 (10.5%) 6 (5%) 3 (4.5%) 3 (2.5%) 1 (1.5%) 0.9 11. I am concerned I may not have an expert physician for advice in the future 55 (45%) 32 (47%) 28 (23%) 19 (27.5%) 30 (24%) 12 (18%) 6 (5%) 4 (6%) 4 (3%) 1 (1.5%) 0.3 12. My non-Gaucher problems are more concerning than the Gaucher concerns 9 (7.5%) 5 (8%) 12 (10%) 7 (11%) 46 (38.5%) 19 (29%) 39 (33%) 17 (26%) 13 (11%) 17 (26%) 0.05 Strongly agree Agree Neither/nor agree Disagree Strongly disagree 13. My health in general has improved because of my Gaucher-specific medication 23 (25.5%) NA 23 (25.5%) NA 16 (18%) NA 28 (31%) NA 0 NA NA 14. Over the past month, all of my medical concerns have been Gaucher-related 5 (4%) 1 (1.5%) 11 (9%) 2 (3%) 15 (12.5%) 2 (3%) 53 (43.5%) 19 (28%) 38 (31%) 44 (64.5%) 0.002 15. My current medication has treated my Gaucher-specific concerns 41 (34%) 3 (5%) 31 (26%) 0 11 (9%) 3 (5%) 18 (15%) 10 (16%) 19 (16%) 46 (74%) NA GD Gaucher disease, NA not applicable * Proportional Odds logistic regression adjusted for age, gender and severity score index

In the multivariate ordinal model, women were significantly more concerned about the risk of developing cancer (Fig. 1 a, p = 0.001), higher SSI was associated with concern for the risk of developing Parkinson disease (Fig. 1 b, p = 0.002) and younger age was associated with less concern from their GD (Fig. 1 c, p < 0.001). Age categories per generation were associated with restrictions in fun activities with friends and the ability to take part in hobbies and leisure activities (Fig. 2 ). Sex and lyso-Gb1 levels were not associated with the responses on the Likert scale questions. Fig. 1 Significant associations between the responses on the Likert scale questions and patients' characteristics, i.e., sex, severity score index (SSI) at presentation and age. a The responses of women and men regarding the concern of the risk of cancers, b The distribution of the SSI of patients responding to their concern for the risk of developing Parkinson disease, c The distribution of the age of patients responding to the question on non-Gaucher problems compared to the Gaucher concerns Fig. 2 Significant associations between the responses on the Likert scale questions and the five age groups defined by "generation" (ref 12). Gen Z: 18–25 years, Gen Y: 26–43 years, Gen X: 44–55 years, Baby Boomers: 56–73 years, Traditionalists/ Silent Generation: 74 years and older

The responses to the eight VAS questions over the past week are presented in Table 3 . The median (range) total VAS score was 1.6 (1–8.01). Patients receiving GD-specific therapy responded as less satisfied (higher mean and 95% CI for the mean) to all questions, except depression (question 6) (Table 3 ). The SSI at presentation was associated with fatigue, physical weakness, bone pain and the way patients felt regarding their future (Fig. 3 ). Sex age and lyso-Gb1 levels were not associated with responses to the eight VAS questions. Table 3 Visual analogue scale (0–10) responses over the past week of patients with type I Gaucher disease All Untreated group Received GD-specific therapy p value** 1. Dependent on others because of your Gaucher disease? 1.31 (1.2–1.4) 1.09 (0.9–1.28) 1.45 (1.23–1.68) 0.001 2. Visibly big or swollen abdomen because of your Gaucher disease? 2.05 (1.8–2.3) 1.70 (1.29–2.12) 2.18 (1.85–2.52) 0.06 3. Fatigued because of your Gaucher disease? 2.88 (2.5–3.2) 1.69 (1.37–2.00) 3.59 (3.09–4.08) < 0.001 4. Physically weak because of your Gaucher disease? 2.73 (2.4–3.1) 1.70 (1.38–2.03) 3.39 (2.95–3.83) < 0.001 5. Severity of bone pain because of your Gaucher disease? 2.40 (2.1–2.7) 1.57 (1.26–1.89) 2.88 (2.41–3.36) < 0.001 6. Depressed because of your Gaucher disease? 1.62 (1.4–1.8) 1.35 (1.14–1.56) 1.80 (1.48–2.12) 0.18 7. Worried because of your Gaucher disease? 2.01 (1.7–2.3) 1.39 (1.17–1.60) 2.39 (1.99–2.78) 0.001 8. How have you felt about your future with Gaucher disease? 2.47 (2.2–2.8) 1.57 (1.28–1.87) 2.98 (2.55–3.41) < 0.001 * Mean (95% confidence interval for the mean), ** Non-parametric independent samples Mann–Whitney test Fig. 3 Significant association between the severity score index (SSI) and the responses on visual analogue scale (VAS) on the questions on a fatigue, b physical weakness, c severity of bone pain and d the way patients felt regarding their future

The last VAS question reflects general satisfaction with the Gaucher medical treatment over the previous month. The mean (95% CI for the mean) of the entire cohort was 2.1 (1.8–2.4). The question was less relevant for the untreated cohort and was not associated with age, sex, SSI at presentation and recent lyso-Gb1 levels.

Discussion

Our study is the first to show the PROM of a large cohort of patients with GD1 who were followed up regularly in a Gaucher Unit. Most patients reported that having GD did not restrict their education, job, intimate relations, hobbies or leisure activities and were not concerned about being an emotional burden to others because of their GD. Similarly, most patients' total VAS scores were low (median 1.6 from a maximum of 10). Still, a substantial group of patients reported that the GD affected their HRQoL, and future research is needed to find ways to improve their outcome. The lack of correlation between PROM and lyso-Gb1 reflects the importance of subjective PROM over an objective measurement of disease status.

The large cohort in our study enabled us to find predictors for the different PROM. The strongest predictor for good PROM was patients being untreated. This finding most probably results from the fact that the patients we choose not to treat are asymptomatic or mildly affected [ 6 , 14 ], and thus their HRQoL is good. More restricted HRQoL among treated patients is most probably related to the baseline severity of the disease. Some of the patients had already suffered from irreversible complications, particularly skeletal, that could not be expected to improve significantly by treatment. Nevertheless, one cannot exclude the possibility that the therapy itself, particularly bi-weekly intravenous ERT, is the more unsatisfactory outcome. The sample size and the variety of treatments do not allow us to compare the effect of oral SRT with intravenous ERT on PROM [ 15 ].

An increased risk of the development of Parkinson disease exists in patients with GD and carriers of mutations in GBA1 . There is considerable clinical variation; some patients have early-onset and prominent cognitive changes while others have a later onset and slower course [ 16 – 18 ]. The risk of Parkinson disease is increased both in patients who are c.1226A>G (N370S) homozygote and compound heterozygotes [ 19 ]; thus, it is not clear why patients with milder GD phenotype (that was found to be associated with c.1226A>G (N370S) homozygosity) were less concerned about the risk of Parkinson disease. Whether it is a lack of knowledge, misunderstanding, or the wrong perception of being healthy requires evaluation in future studies.

The only predictor of concern for the risk of cancer was female sex, as has also been shown in the general population [ 20 ]. Interestingly, although patients with GD have a somewhat increased risk of cancer, mainly multiple myeloma, almost two-thirds reported a lack of concern about the risk of cancer [ 21 – 24 ]. The risk of multiple myeloma and hepatocellular carcinoma (the second cancer type associated with GD) may decrease with the introduction of GD-specific therapy [ 25 ], and with the lower rate of splenectomy and hepatic fibrosis [ 26 ]. It has been recommended that all adult patients would be assessed for signs and symptoms of cancer as part of their routine follow-up visits [ 14 ].

Improving patient general wellbeing, mainly by reducing fatigue and restoring physical function, are included in the most recent consensus management goals of patients with GD [ 9 ]. Nevertheless, patients with higher SSI at presentation, although treated with GD-specific therapy, reported a relatively high score (median > 3) in both the fatigue and physical activity questions and also reported dissatisfaction with their current Gaucher medical treatment. The cause of ongoing, significant fatigue in patients with GD is not clear [ 27 ]. As endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an underlying mechanism [ 28 , 29 ], pharmacological chaperones may have a role for reducing fatigue, and this may be uncovered by present and future studies [ 30 ]. The inflammatory changes that are not related to ER stress, and are not derived by inflammatory cytokines excreted by activated macrophages (the Gaucher cells) may require innovative therapeutic modalities, as has been suggested by several investigators [ 28 ]. One potential target might be the complement system, specifically the C5a/C5aR1 axis in GL1-specific autoantibody formation. Another one might be progranulin, as the low levels, commonly found among patients with GD, do not change with ERT and might induce some of the disease features [ 31 ].

Our study supports the advantage of electronic and mobile PROM surveys for simple quantitation of individual symptom items and aggregated scales, standardization, and longitudinal tracking of patient surveys for trend analysis over time [ 32 ]. Online PROM surveys were shown to achieve a significantly higher response rate, 40%–50%, compared to paper-based versions [ 33 ]. The use of mobile devices to communicate with the patients further simplified our study and increased the response rate [ 34 ]. The feasibility of pairing mobile devices with wearable technologies that can monitor surrogates of disease activity/severity could further improve our patients' management by highlighting personal problems that are not captured by the traditional parameters of physical signs, laboratory parameters, and imaging findings [ 31 ].

The study is limited by the fact that only 47% of adult patients with GD1 responded to the mobile PROM survey. We believe that not answering the survey was a combination of a lack of access to resources and engagement. Unfortunately, since we could include clinical data of only those consented, we could not compare those that answered to those that did not answer. Still, we were able to show that the age, sex, SSI, and homozygosity to the c.1226A>G (N370S) mutation of those that responded (study cohort) were similar to the entire SZMC database. A second limitation may relate to the fact that some of the questions are not specific to GD and may reflect sex and age group differences, as seen for the question on concern about cancer and effect on fun, hobbies, and leisure activities (Figs. 1 a, 2 ).

Conclusion

As is already known in other diseases, disease-specific PROMs are an important subjective tool for patient's evaluation and should be complementary to the objective assessment. Our study confirms that asymptomatic or mildly affected untreated patients with GD1 have good functional status and HRQoL, supporting our practice that not all patients with GD1 require specific therapy. Despite many years of available effective treatment for GD1, patients followed in our GD center report measures that may affect their functional status and HRQoL. Further work is needed to find effective interventions for such undesired measures. Electronic validated GD1-PROM, possibly via user-friendly GD-specific mobile applications, should be included among the outcome measures in clinical practice and all future prospective studies for GD.

Abbreviations

Enzyme replacement therapy

Gaucher disease

Gaucher disease type 1

Health related quality of life

Patient-reported outcome measures

Severity score index

Shaare Zedek Medical Center

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Deborah Elstein for developing the GD-specific PROM survey and for her input to this research.

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization, TD, AZ and SR-V; Data curation, TD, MI, DF and MB-C; Formal analysis, AZ and SR-V; Methodology, SR-V; Supervision, AZ; Validation, JS; Writing—original draft, SR-V; Writing—review and editing, TD, MI, MB-C, JS and AZ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

The study was funded by Gaucher Unit internal funds. No external funds were provided for this study.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study design was approved by institutional IRB and study participants consented to participate. IRB institutional number: 0006-20-SZMC.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The SZMC Gaucher Unit receives support from Sanofi/Genzyme for participation in the ICGG Registry, from Takeda for the GOS Registry, and Pfizer for TALIAS. The Unit also receives research grants from Takeda, Pfizer, Sanofi/Genzyme and Centogene. J.S. has received grant/research support and honoraria from Alexion, Amgen, Celgene, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Prevail Therapeutics, Sanofi, and Takeda. A.Z. receives honoraria from Takeda and Pfizer and consultancy fee from Takeda, Prevail therapeutics and Bio-Events. S.R.-V. receives grant/research support, honoraria and advisory fee from Takeda, Pfizer, Sanofi/Genzyme and Prevail therapeutics.

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