WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR PATIENTS?
Haematological malignancies are most commonly observed amongst adolescent and young adult women. With advancements in diagnostic and treatment methods for those with haematological malignancies, survival rates and life expectancy have improved. Contrary to these improvements, patients remain vulnerable to the declining reproductive potential associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Fertility preservations, such as oocyte, embryo and ovarian tissue cryopreservation, are ideal options for supporting the survivor’s quality of life.
In this case series, the outcomes of oocyte cryopreservation via vitrification and the usage rate of these cryopreserved oocytes by unmarried women with haematological malignancies were reported. Oocyte cryopreservation is achievable for those with haematological malignancies; however, oocyte retrieval cycles were sometimes limited due to initiation of cancer treatments. Additionally, acceptable embryonic and pregnancy outcomes can be achieved following the warming of oocytes. Therefore, these findings provide useful information for oncologists, fertility specialists and clinical psychologists for consultations with patients regarding fertility preservation options.
Introduction
Haematological malignancies are most common amongst adolescent and young adult (AYA) women in Japan ( Katanoda et al. , 2017 ). Due to improvements in diagnostic and treatment methods for those with haematological malignancies, survival rates and life expectancies have dramatically improved. Nonetheless, an increasing number of patients of reproductive age, especially AYAs, are referred for fertility preservation. Fertility preservation options for women include cryopreservation of oocytes ( Demirtas et al. , 2008 ; Grifo and Noyes, 2010 ; Maman et al. , 2011 ; Loren et al. , 2013 ; Schüring et al. , 2018 ; von Wolff et al. , 2018 ), embryos ( Herrero et al. , 2011 ; Loren et al. , 2013 ; Konc et al. , 2014 ; Schüring et al. , 2018 ; von Wolff et al. , 2018 ) or ovarian tissue ( Donnez et al. , 2004 ; Loren et al. , 2013 ; Suzuki et al. , 2015 ; Schüring et al. , 2018 ; von Wolff et al. , 2018 ). Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the main option available for patients who cannot delay cancer treatment, as well as pre-pubertal patients. In women with haematological malignancies, however, the preservation of ovarian tissue may reintroduce residual malignant cells ( Dolmans et al. , 2010 ; Dolmans et al. , 2013 ; Peek et al. , 2015 ; von Wolff et al. , 2018 ). This may lead to a recurrence upon transplantation, although it has been suggested that the risk of recurrence is low in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma ( Dolmans et al. , 2013 ; von Wolff et al. , 2018 ). Oocyte and embryo cryopreservation are therefore the currently favoured options for fertility preservation in these patients, with oocyte cryopreservation being the only option for those without a partner, a scenario often observed amongst AYA women.
In July 2005, we raised an issue to the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) concerning the importance of oocyte cryopreservation in preserving the fertility of unmarried women with haematological malignancies. At the time, the clinical application of ART for these patients was not recommended in Japan by the JSOG as they believed that ART should only be available to married women who were physically and mentally capable of carrying and delivering babies. This remained until the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) announced that oocyte cryopreservation was in its ‘experimental phase’ (The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, 2008). As a result, the JSOG allowed research (January 2007) following the premise that oocyte cryopreservation could be an option for preserving the fertility of unmarried women suffering from haematological malignancies.
We have studied oocyte cryopreservation performed for unmarried women with haematopoietic malignancies between February 2007 and January 2015. First, the outcomes of oocyte cryopreservation amongst the cohort were recorded; this was followed by follow-up inquiries regarding pregnancy outcomes as well as oocyte storage status.
Materials and methods
These procedures took place between February 2007 and January 2015; 193 unmarried patients (age: 26.2 ± 0.4 years old) with haematopoietic malignancies consulted at 20 different fertility centres. The study was approved by the JSOG’s Institutional Review Board, with written informed consent obtained from all patients.
Results
Although the 20 fertility centres were located across Japan, cases of oocyte cryopreservation were most prevalent in urban areas (Tokyo: 74 patients, Nagoya: 21 patients and Osaka: 18 patients; data not shown). Patient characteristics, diagnosis and outcomes of oocyte cryopreservation are shown in Table I . Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, n = 45, 23.3%) was most common, followed by acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL, n = 38, 19.7%) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL, n = 30, 15.5%, Table I ). A flow chart of all patients and their destinations are shown in Fig. 1 . Of the 193 patients, 94 patients had previously undergone at least one course of cancer treatment to maintain remission (Supplementary Table SI). Ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrievals (oocyte retrievals) were performed on 162 patients (83.9%) who had commenced ovarian stimulation cycles via antagonist, agonist, natural and minimal methods, defined according to the treatment strategy of each respective fertility centre; the mean number of OR cycles per patients was 1.7 ± 0.2. Among all subjects, 155 patients (80.3%) achieved successful cryopreservation of their oocytes; the mean number of cryopreserved oocytes per patient was 6.3 ± 0.4 ( Table I ). Supplementary Table SII shows the outcomes of the oocyte retrievals according to the ovarian stimulation method. There were 97 patients (59.9%) who underwent minimal stimulation cycles; the mean number of cycles and cryopreserved oocytes were 1.4 ± 0.1 and 5.0 ± 0.5, respectively. Vitrification using Cryotop Safety Kits (Kitazato corporation) were used for oocyte cryopreservation ( Kato et al. , 2012 ).
Table I
Diagnosis of patients and the oocyte cryopreservation outcomes.
* AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; ALL, acute lymphoid leukaemia; HL, Hodgkin’s lymphoma; MDS, myelodysplastic syndromes; NHL, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; ML, malignant lymphoma (type unknown); AA, aplastic anaemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukaemia; MM, multiple myeloma; APL, acute promyelocytic leukaemia; B-LBL, B-lymphoblastic lymphoma; Ph + ALL, Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; T-LBL, T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma; Others: chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis.
| Diagnosis * | No. of patients consulted | (%) | Age (mean ± SE, min-max) | No. of patients for whom oocyte retrieval (OR) cycle was started | (%) | No. of OR cycles per patient (mean ± SE) | No. of patients with cryopreserved oocytes | (%) | No. of oocytes cryopreserved per patient (mean ± SE) |
| AML | 45 | 23.3 | 26.1 ± 0.8 (16–40) | 32 | 71.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 31 | 68.9 | 6.0 ± 0.8 |
| ALL | 38 | 19.7 | 25.3 ± 0.9 (17–37) | 29 | 76.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 28 | 73.7 | 6.0 ± 1.1 |
| HL | 30 | 15.5 | 26.1 ± 0.8 (19–36) | 29 | 96.7 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 29 | 96.7 | 6.3 ± 1.0 |
| MDS | 20 | 10.4 | 26.9 ± 1.2 (17–37) | 19 | 95.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 17 | 85.0 | 7.1 ± 1.6 |
| NHL | 17 | 8.8 | 27.9 ± 1.3 (18–35) | 13 | 76.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 11 | 64.7 | 4.5 ± 1.0 |
| ML | 12 | 6.2 | 26.6 ± 1.9 (19–39) | 12 | 100 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 11 | 91.7 | 6.7 ± 2.4 |
| AA | 11 | 5.7 | 25.7 ± 1.7 (19–35) | 11 | 100 | 2.9 ± 1.6 | 11 | 100 | 6.3 ± 1.9 |
| CML | 4 | 2.1 | 21.9 ± 1.7 (18–26) | 3 | 75.0 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 3 | 75.0 | 9.3 ± 3.7 |
| MM | 3 | 1.6 | 36.6 ± 0.4 (36–37) | 2 | 66.7 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 2 | 66.7 | 10.5 ± 2.5 |
| APL | 2 | 1.0 | 22.6 ± 1.7 (21, 24) | 2 | 100 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 2 | 100 | 3.5 ± 0.5 |
| B-LBL | 2 | 1.0 | 23.8 ± 0.8 (23, 25) | 2 | 100 | 1.0 | 2 | 100 | 9.5 ± 1.5 |
| Ph+ALL | 2 | 1.0 | 22.8 ± 1.2 (22, 24) | 1 | 50.0 | 1.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1.0 |
| T-LBL | 2 | 1.0 | 33.4 ± 1.8 (32, 35) | 2 | 100 | 6.0 ± 5.0 | 2 | 100 | 5.5 ± 4.5 |
| Others | 5 | 2.6 | 24.4 ± 2.2 (18–32) | 5 | 100 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 5 | 100 | 8.4 ± 1.6 |
| Total | 193 | – | 26.2 ± 0.4 (16–40) | 162 | 83.9 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 155 | 80.3 | 6.3 ± 0.4 |
As of December 2019, 14 patients (9.2%, 14/152) were considered free of disease and requested oocyte warming. The patients’ diagnoses were CML (n = 1), NHL (n = 1), AA (n = 1), ALL (n = 5), AML (n = 4), T-LBL (n = 1) and MDS (n = 1, Table II ). The mean age of the 14 patients at oocyte vitrification and oocyte warming was 29.5 ± 1.1 and 34.4 ± 1.2 years, respectively. Excluding cases 3 and 14, these patients underwent at least one course of cancer treatment prior to visiting the fertility centres; the average duration of storage was 65.5 ± 5.0 months. Oocyte warming was performed at the same centre where OR and vitrification had taken place. A total of 88 oocytes were warmed, with 75 oocytes having survived (85.2%). ICSIs were used for insemination; the semen analysis data of the partners are shown in Supplementary Table SIII. The rates of fertilisation and embryos development were 80.0% (60/75) and 46.7% (28/60), respectively ( Table II ). Ten patients (71.4%) underwent a total of 17 single embryo transfer cycles including seven fresh cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles, two vitrified-warmed cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles and eight vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer cycles. The endometrial preparation method for embryo transfer was hormonal replacement therapy, except in the case of one patient who underwent a spontaneous ovulatory cycle due to resumption of menstruation (case 2). A total of seven live births occurred, absent of any obvious malformation. The clinical pregnancies, determined by the gestational sac observation at 6–7 weeks, and the live births after 22 weeks of pregnancy, were divided by the embryo transfer cycles, resulting in clinical pregnancy and live birth rates of 52.9% (9/17) and 41.2% (7/17), respectively ( Table II ).
Table II
Clinical outcomes following oocyte vitrification-warming and embryo transfer in women with haematopoietic malignancies.
* CML, chronic myeloid leukaemia; NHL, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; AA, aplastic anaemia; ALL, acute lymphoid leukaemia; AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; T-LBL, T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma; MDS, myelodysplastic syndromes.
| Case | Type of malignancy * | Woman's age at oocyte cryopreservation | No. of oocytes vitrified | Woman's age at oocyte warming | Duration of stage (months) | No. of oocytes warmed | No. of survived oocytes | (%) | No. of oocytes fertilised | (%) | No. of utilised embryos developed (embryonic stage) | (%) | No. of embryo transfer cycles | No. of embryos transferred per cycle | Embryonic stage at transfer | Clinical pregnancy (gestational sac observation) | (%) | Live birth | (%) | Comment |
| 1 | CML | 23 | 13 | 30 | 87 | 13 | 9 | 69.2 | 9 | 100.0 | 4 (2: 5-cell, 1: 7-cell, 1: blastocyst) | 44.4 | 1 | 1 | 7-cell (fresh) | 0 | 0 | – | – | 3 surplus embryos were vitrified |
| 2 | NHL | 30 | 7 | 34 | 53 | 7 | 6 | 85.7 | 6 | 100.0 | 4 (3:4-cell, 1:blastocyst) | 66.7 | 4 | 1 | 4-cell (fresh) | 1 | 50 | 0 | 25 | – |
| 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 4-cell ( vitrified-warmed) | 0 | – | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 4-cell (vitrified-warmed) | 0 | – | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 3 | AA | 28 | 3 | 36 | 103 | 3 | 3 | 100.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 2(1: 8-cell, 1: blastocyst) | 66.7 | 1 | 1 | 8-cell (fresh) | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 surplus embryos were vitrified |
| 4 | ALL | 36 | 3 | 41 | 67 | 3 | 1 | 33.3 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 5 | ALL | 30 | 9 | 35 | 62 | 9 | 8 | 88.9 | 7 | 87.5 | 2(1: 8-cell, 1: blastocyst) | 28.6 | 1 | 1 | 8-cell (fresh) | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 surplus embryos were vitrified |
| 6 | AML | 30 | 7 | 34 | 52 | 7 | 7 | 100.0 | 7 | 100.0 | 2(1: 8-cell, 1: blastocyst) | 28.6 | 2 | 1 | 8-cell (fresh) | 0 | 50 | – | 50 | – |
| 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 7 | AML | 30 | 8 | 34 | 59 | 8 | 8 | 100.0 | 8 | 100.0 | 3(3: blastocysts) | 37.5 | 2 | 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 0 | 50 | – | 50 | – |
| 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 8 | AML | 27 | 8 | 31 | 61 | 8 | 8 | 100.0 | 7 | 87.5 | 3(3: blastocysts) | 42.9 | 3 | 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 1 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 0 | – | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 0 | – | – | ||||||||||||||||
| 9 | ALL | 35 | 10 | 41 | 80 | 10 | 9 | 90.0 | 3 | 33.3 | 3(3: blastocysts) | 100 | 1 | 1 | Blastocyst (vitrified-warmed) | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 surplus embryos were vitrified |
| 10 | T-LBL | 35 | 10 | 42 | 87 | 4 | 4 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 oocytes were still stored |
| 11 | AML | 31 | 1 | 36 | 65 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 12 | ALL | 31 | 4 | 33 | 28 | 4 | 3 | 75.0 | 3 | 100.0 | 3(1:8-cell, 2: blastocysts) | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Embryo transfer was not performed |
| 13 | ALL | 23 | 7 | 27 | 54 | 4 | 4 | 100.0 | 3 | 75.0 | 1(5-cell) | 33.3 | 1 | 1 | 5-cell (fresh) | 0 | 0 | – | – | 3 oocytes were still stored |
| 14 | MDS | 24 | 22 | 28 | 56 | 7 | 5 | 71.4 | 3 | 60.0 | 1 (8-cell) | 33.3 | 1 | 1 | 8-cell (fresh) | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 15 oocytes were still stored |
| Total | – | 29.5 ± 1.1 | 112 | 34.4 ± 1.2 | 65.5 ± 5.0 | 88 | 75 | 85.2 | 60 | 80.0 | 28 | 46.7 | 17 | 17 | – | 9 | 52.9 | 7 | 41.2 | – |
Among the 155 patients, 81 (52.2%) are currently maintaining storage of their cryopreserved oocytes; the mean patient age and duration of storage as of December 2019 was 34.5 ± 0.6 years and 98.2 ± 3.5 months, respectively (data not shown). A total of 60 patients (38.7%) requested that their cryopreserved oocytes be discarded, either due to the patient’s death (n = 23, 38.3%), personal matters (n = 16, 26.7%), natural conception (n = 9, 15.0%), resumption of menstruation (n = 2, 3.3%) or unknown reasons (n = 10, 16.7%, Fig. 1 ).
Discussion
According to the Japanese epidemiology study published in 2017 ( Katanoda et al. , 2017 ), the incidence of cancer in the AYA generation (age, 15–39 years) in Japan 2011 was 20 258, which included 6868 male (33.9%) and 13 390 female (66.1%) individuals. This suggests that the incidence of cancer is more frequent in women in the AYA generation. Cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy both negatively affect reproductive potential, although the degree to which this has an effect varies depending on the type of drug, dose and patient age ( Lee et al. , 2006 ; Meirow et al. , 2010 ). These adverse effects are usually irreversible ( Bar-Joseph et al. , 2010 ; Ezoe et al. , 2014 ); therefore, oocyte or embryo cryopreservation is the preferable option to preserve fertility. The most frequently occurring cancers in Japan are breast cancer, in women aged 30–39 years, and haematopoietic malignancies in women aged 15–29 years ( Katanoda et al. , 2017 ). With breast cancer, patients can usually can wait between 4 and 6 weeks between surgery and chemotherapy, which provides an acceptable amount of time to perform oocyte retrievals ( Shapira et al. , 2015 ). By contrast, haematopoietic malignancies often require early treatment initiation; therefore, patients with haematopoietic malignancies have a more limited timeframe for oocyte retrievals. In the present study, among the 193 patients who consulted in fertility centres across Japan, 94 patients had already received a form of cancer treatment prior to visiting the fertility centre; 22 of these patients (23.4%) could not undergo oocyte retrievals. By contrast, among the 97 patients who had not received prior cancer treatment, only eight patients had failed oocyte retrievals (8.2%, Supplementary Table SI). This suggests the possibility of ovarian insufficiency associated with cancer treatment and supports the efficient initiation of oocyte cryopreservation in the limited timeframes. Taking into account that the mean number of oocyte retrieval cycles per patient in the present cohort was 1.7 ± 0.2, the maximum number of oocyte retrievals could therefore be limited to two cycles in the patients with haematopoietic malignancies.
The long-term follow-up of cancer patient outcomes after embryo transfer using cryopreserved oocytes has rarely been documented due to the limited number of patients who are both in remission and seeking to be pregnant. As of December 2019, 14 patients had requested oocytes to be warmed for IVF, with a cryopreserved oocyte usage rate of 9.0%. Garcia-Velasco et al. (2013) and Martinez et al. (2014) reported the use of cryopreserved oocytes by cancer patients as 1.1% (4/355) and 3.1% (11/357), respectively, whereas the usage rate we report is higher (9.0%). The reason behind these differences is unknown; however, we suspect follow-up duration to be a cause. The live birth rate per embryo transfer and per warmed oocyte was 41.2% (7/17) and 8.3% (7/84), respectively, suggesting an optimistic live birth rate for haematopoietic malignancy patients. Currently, 81 patients have preserved oocytes. Considering their average age (34.5 ± 0.6 years old), warming oocytes for IVF remains a possible option for these patients; therefore, further long-term follow-up study is required.
In conclusion, the present study indicates that oocyte cryopreservation via vitrification for patients with haematopoietic malignancies is achievable; however, due to the limited amount of time between diagnosis and treatment, the number of retrieved oocytes could be limited. When oocytes are successfully retrieved, embryonic and pregnancy outcomes of the vitrified oocytes in these patients are acceptable. Although there is still an insufficient number of oocyte warming cases to be conclusive, and further long-term follow-up is required, our results suggest that oocyte cryopreservation can be considered an option for fertility preservation for patients with haematological malignancies. Our study offers time-sensitive guidance for oncologists, fertility specialists and clinical psychologists in weighing fertility preservation options with their patients.
Supplementary data
Supplementary data are available at Human Reproduction Open online.
Data availability
The data underlying this article cannot be shared publicly due to the privacy of individuals who participated in the study. The data will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author.
Supplementary Material
Click here for additional data file.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Fumihito Aono and Akiko Yabuuchi for the collection of clinical data and for proof-reading the manuscript.
Authors’ roles
K.K., T.U., H.O. and H. Y. were responsible for supervision, study design and interpretation, and literature review. K.K. was responsible for data analysis and manuscript writing. All authors were responsible for data collection and approved the final draft for submission.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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