Background
Stem cell transplant (SCT) is a life-sustaining treatment indicated for some individuals with cancer, hematological malignancies. This secondary data analysis compiled self-reported concerns of adult patients before and after allogeneic and autologous SCT. Data were collected at two time points during a clinical trial: during preparation for SCT before any therapy and during the first clinic visit following hospital discharge after SCT.
Increase in SCTs
The number of transplants performed in the USA has gradually increased over the last 20 years, particularly in older patients (>50 years old). According to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research summary report, there were 7012 allogeneic and 9778 autologous transplants performed in 2009. 1 The type of SCT depends on the disease, stage, patient’s age and overall health, previous treatment or recurrence, and the availability of matched donors. SCT may be autologous, using blood-forming cells from the patient, or allogeneic, using cells from a family member, unrelated matched donor, or umbilical cord blood. Several variables have contributed to the increase in SCTs, including additional indications for other diseases, better understanding of the optimal timing of SCT, increased donor availability, and improved supportive care. This trend is also related to the increasing numbers of autologous transplants for multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, both diseases that afflict adults during middle age and later life.
Survival
SCT provides an increased chance for survival for patients dealing with hematological and other potentially life-shortening diseases. These malignancies include acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and MM. In diseases such as MM, where a cure is almost never achieved using chemotherapy alone, autologous SCT has become the standard of treatment. 2 According to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, 1 the 3-year probability of survival in patients with MM between 1998 and 2008 with autologous transplant was 68% ± 1%. Survival rates for other hematological malignancies after an autologous or allogeneic SCT are also on the rise. 1
Patients’ concerns
SCT is a physically, emotionally, and psychologically overwhelming procedure for both patients and families. 3 A number of studies have analyzed the concerns of the patients after SCT; 4 – 10 however, limited evidence exists regarding the types of concerns patients have at the time of initial consultation for SCT. A study was conducted on 50 potential candidates for autologous or allogeneic transplant at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center to screen for anxiety. It was found that 51% of patients exceeded the threshold score for significant level of distress, according to the Distress Thermometer tool, and anxiety on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) during initial consultation. 11
A pilot study conducted on 80 adults at a comprehensive cancer center in Boston, Massachusetts, assessed psychosocial stress prior to SCT, at first clinic visit after discharge from the hospital and then at 100 days posttransplant using the Spielberger’s State Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. 12 The investigators reported pre-transplant anxiety and/or depression in 55% of patients. Posttransplant screening was completed in 69% of the sample patients and 44% were found to have symptoms of depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder. In addition, pre-transplant distress was found to be highly predictive of posttransplant distress.
Patients may require 6 months to 1 year to recover from SCT, limiting their ability to be employed or return to work.
Cost of SCT
SCT is an expensive treatment and there is wide variation in insurance company coverage, with companies often only paying part of the total expenses. Transplant expenses vary depending on the specifics and type of transplant. Complications can occur before and/or after SCT, further increasing the cost of care. These complications may occur after the conditioning regimen, in which patients receive high-dose chemotherapy and radiation to diminish or eliminate diseased bone marrow, and may include infection, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, pain, and veno-occlusive disease. Complications after the SCT, especially following allogeneic SCT, may occur in the form of graft versus host disease as the patient’s immune system works against the host cells.
A study was conducted between 2000 and 2004 by Satio and colleagues at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham Women’s Hospital on 376 patients receiving high-dose hematopoietic cell transplantation to estimate costs. 13 The researchers estimated median costs of up to US$102,574 and 36 days of initial hospitalization for a complicated allogeneic SCT.
Paying for SCT
Performance of SCT is concentrated in countries with higher governmental health care expenditures, higher gross national income per capita, and good medical resources. Hence, availability of resources, governmental support, and access to transplant centers are the key factors related to global SCT access. 14 Paying for SCT is recognized as a significant factor in access to care by international investigators. 15 – 17
In the USA, the most common method of payment for SCT is via health care insurance. However, the high cost of cancer care has been recognized by researchers and clinicians 18 , 19 and highlighted as an important factor in cancer treatment. 20 With rising copayments for medications as high as 20% for some medications and other out-of-pocket expenses, people with cancer often find it difficult to pay for health care, despite having some form of health insurance. 21
The American Cancer Society published an extensive report in 2009, entitled Spending to Survive: Cancer Patients Confront Holes in the Health Insurance System , based on a survey of patients with cancer who described their personal experiences with the high cost of cancer care. 22 The report summarized that high cost-sharing, capitation of benefits, and lifetime maximum expenditure can leave patients responsible for high out-of-pocket expenses. In the case of SCT, the deductibles and out-of-pocket costs related to ambulatory care, follow-up visits and medications can be overwhelming. It is difficult to provide a cost estimate, as each individual insurance policy has its own standard of coverage. More concerning, employer-based health insurance may not cover catastrophically high health care costs if employees become too ill. Additionally, cancer survivors are often unable to find adequate and affordable health insurance after diagnosis and treatment.
The American Cancer Society report 22 also reviewed other factors that can leave people with cancer without affordable insurance. Such factors include waiting periods, strict restrictions on eligibility, and/or delayed application for public programs, meaning that patients, who are often too ill to work, are left without health care insurance. Additionally, insurance companies may not notify patients when they reach their lifetime maximum spending limit, leaving patients responsible for costs incurred in the future. Patients may also face tremendous consequences from financial responsibilities, including inability to continue with life-sustaining treatment, bankruptcy, or even loss of their home or life savings.
In the past, discussions regarding cost of care have not been a priority. In some instances, these discussions have even been avoided by health care providers and patients. 23 – 26 Schrag and Hanger reported that physicians viewed these discussions as an important component of care; however, when they did not have the resources to help the patients, many of them indicated that they viewed such discussion as meaningless. 26 In consequence, this lack of communication may result in SCT patients finding themselves unprepared for the expenses of future care.
Patient assessment
Comprehensive assessment of patients by health care providers is an important method through which to identify not only patient symptoms but also troublesome concerns before, during, and after SCT. Accurate assessment is necessary to prepare patients for their future health care needs. Electronic self-report tools have been developed to make these assessments efficient, detailed, easily understandable, and to incorporate patients’ priority needs in treatment plans. 27 One type of self-report, the Electronic Self-Report Assessment – Cancer (ESRA-C), has been used to assess patient symptoms and quality of life prior to ambulatory oncology visits in both adults 28 and adolescents. 29 In a large randomized trial, ESRA-C summary reports of the participants’ reports were provided to health care providers immediately prior to clinic visits and were found to significantly increase the frequency of discussing troublesome symptoms and quality of life issues. 30
Purpose
The study reported here was an exploratory secondary analysis of data collected in the ESRA-C trial, between 2005 and 2007, at a comprehensive cancer center in the US Pacific Northwest. The focus of this study was on the concerns of SCT patients that were self-reported either as “most important” or that “had not been covered” in the assessment regarding symptom experiences.
Methods
Data were collected at two time points: during ambulatory oncology visits before the start of treatment (T1) and then at the first clinic visit after hospital discharge for patients who had undergone SCT as an inpatient (T2). 30 Content analyses of the text box entries were performed to determine categories of concerns at the two time points.
Institutional review board approval was obtained from University of Massachusetts, Boston, to analyze these de-identified data. During the original study, ESRA-C was presented to 137 patients undergoing SCT prior to ambulatory visits at two time points: before any therapy had begun (T1) and at the first visit after hospital discharge after the SCT (T2), approximately 1 month after autologous transplant. Validated symptom and quality of life questionnaires were presented within the web-based ESRA-C instrument, notably the Quality of Life Questionnaire C-30, 31 which included one item assessing financial difficulties. Free text boxes appeared for each participant at the end of the ESRA-C assessment. The instructions asked the participant to type the “two most important concerns” or “anything else … we haven’t covered here.”
Results
Participants were aged between 19 and 75 years old and the mean age was 49. Table 1 lists the characteristics of the sample. The majority were male, Caucasian, and college graduates.
Text box entries were made before (n = 52) and after (n = 87) the transplant, resulting in 139 text box entries made by 137 patients. Two patients wrote “none” in the text boxes. Six comments were general statements about hospital services received during their inpatient stay. Using content analysis, the remaining 133 concerns were categorized then ranked according to their frequency.
The most frequent concerns expressed by the patients were categorized as quality of life, symptom management, family and caregiver strain, survival, work/financial issues, depression/feeling down, and physical appearance ( Table 2 ). Some patients entered more than one concern using the same text box.
Before the transplant (T1), symptom management issues were most frequently entered and concerns regarding work and finances were the second most common entries. One patient commented that the financial cost associated with SCT was “ridiculous,” while another patient mentioned surviving the SCT and financial debt being the only main issues. At the first appointment after hospital discharge (T2), the most frequently entered concern was symptom management; concerns regarding survival were the second most common entries.
Discussion
This analysis revealed that, second only to symptom issues, work and financial concerns were present for both allogeneic and autologous SCT recipients prior to their transplant. This finding suggests that the patients were dealing with the financial aspects regarding treatment at a time when the clinical focus was to prepare them for a high morbidity therapy. Despite having answered the financial difficulty item included in the Quality of Life Questionnaire C-30 component of the ESRA-C, these participants made additional mention of these concerns in the free text boxes. This finding indicates the serious and stressful nature of financial concerns for patients preparing for SCT. Patients’ entries in the text boxes were explicit about the feelings of frustration, helplessness, and anger relating to financial concerns.
Given the aging demographic of SCT patients, financial and work concerns may be a priority for this population. While some patients may be employed and financially stable at the beginning of the treatment, these circumstances may change during the transplant and recovery process, draining resources and diminishing capacity. Patients may be unable to work because of treatment-related symptoms such as fatigue and weakness related to high-dose chemotherapy regimens. 32 The inability to work may also drastically change their socioeconomic status and/or reduce financial resources. For the uninsured, SCT is a costly procedure and may actually affect their ability to access this care. People who are underinsured or lose insurance due to their disease may also find themselves unable to continue with treatments and/or follow-up visits. Therefore, the financial needs of SCT patients may change over the course of treatment and during survivorship, requiring ongoing assessment during these times.
Communication regarding the cost of cancer treatment for patients may have an enormous impact on the quality of health care decision-making. The American Society of Clinical Oncology published guidelines in 2009 regarding patient–provider communication about the cost of cancer care and emphasized that such discussions are an integral part of high-quality care. 19 The National Marrow Donor Program recommended that all patients prepare a personalized report including their current monthly income, household expenses, and additional indirect expenses. 33 In addition, it recommended that patients contact their insurance carrier to find out their terms and limitations prior to contacting the transplant center. This information also provides data to tailor educational sessions and provide appropriate financial counseling.
A team approach is the key to assessment of the financial concerns of patients undergoing SCT. Despite the recognition of these concerns, the decision regarding which oncology care provider is responsible for this assessment differs according to institution and practice. 25 In some cases, patients may not want to discuss these concerns with their physicians, preferring to talk about them with someone not involved in decision-making about the treatment. 21 Nurses, as patient advocates, can play a crucial role in identifying patients’ financial concerns both before and after transplant and by making appropriate referrals to social workers or financial counselors. 25 Finally, when patients are preoccupied with financial concerns, their understanding of important education such as medication regimens may suffer. They may also experience increased stress, which could affect their future health and recovery.
Thus, the findings of this exploratory study highlight the substantial symptom management and financial concerns expressed by SCT patients before and after transplant. Assessing financial concerns should be a priority before SCT. If not addressed, patients may feel isolated in dealing with these concerns, interfering with their ability to comprehend complex treatment.
Limitations
This secondary analysis is limited by having access only to variables collected in the parent clinical trial. Further, the patients in this secondary analysis only received SCT as inpatients and their concerns may not reflect those of patients who undergo outpatient SCT. Future analyses of financial concerns would be best informed by including other variables, such as insurance type, in a multivariable model. Finally, the sample included primarily educated, non-Hispanic, Caucasians at a single institution, precluding generalization beyond these demographics.
Conclusion
New directions in health care systems see patient-centered care as an integral and necessary part of quality health care. 34 It has been proposed that assessment of financial constraints – including the financial impact of cancer on patients and families and loss of job or insurance – costs vs benefits, and societal impact be among the key outcomes of patient-centered care. 35 Given the frequency of financial concerns of patients undergoing SCT, oncology health care providers need to take an active role in the assessment of financial concerns of their patients to ensure quality health care.
Ideally, assessment of financial concerns should begin at diagnosis and continue through treatment and survivorship. However, the course of treatment for SCT patients may be unpredictable. The oncology health care team, including nurses, physicians, social workers, and financial counselors, share the responsibility to ensure quality health care for these patients, which should include continuous assessment of financial and work concerns. Oncology nurses are ideally positioned to advocate, assess, and prioritize this communication. While helping patients to manage these concerns, oncology nurses may also advocate for change in institutional policies related to financial planning and counseling of all patients receiving SCTs. Therefore, assessment of financial and work concerns by oncology health care providers should be an integral part of care for patients undergoing SCT, across the care trajectory.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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