Educational attainment of same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins: An individual-level pooled study of 19 twin cohorts.
СтатьяПоддержка NIH: внешняя программаПоддержка исследования: вне правительства СШАНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Silventoinen Karri, Bogl Leonie H, Jelenkovic Aline, Vuoksimaa Eero, Latvala Antti, Li Weilong, Tan Qihua, Zhang Dongfeng, Pang Zengchang, Ordoñana Juan R, Sánchez-Romera Juan F, Colodro-Conde Lucia, Willemsen Gonneke, Bartels Meike, van Beijsterveldt Catharina E M, Rebato Esther, Corley Robin P, Huibregtse Brooke M, Hopper John L, Tyler Jessica, Duncan Glen E, Buchwald Dedra, Silberg Judy L, Maes Hermine H, Kandler Christian, Cozen Wendy, Hwang Amie E, Mack Thomas M, Nelson Tracy L, Whitfield Keith E, Medda Emanuela, Nisticò Lorenza, Toccaceli Virgilia, Krueger Robert F, McGue Matt, Pahlen Shandell, Martin Nicholas G, Medland Sarah E, Montgomery Grant W, Heikkilä Kauko, Derom Catherine A, Vlietinck Robert F, Loos Ruth J F, Magnusson Patrik K E, Pedersen Nancy L, Dahl Aslan Anna K, Hotopf Matthew, Sumathipala Athula, Rijsdijk Fruhling, Siribaddana Sisira H, Rose Richard J, Sørensen Thorkild I A, Boomsma Dorret I, Kaprio Jaakko
Аннотация
Comparing twins from same- and opposite-sex pairs can provide information on potential sex differences in a variety of outcomes, including socioeconomic-related outcomes such as educational attainment. It has been suggested that this design can be applied to examine the putative role of intrauterine exposure to testosterone for educational attainment, but the evidence is still disputed. Thus, we established an international database of twin data from 11 countries with 88,290 individual dizygotic twins born over 100 years and tested for differences between twins from same- and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs in educational attainment. Effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by linear regression models after adjusting for birth year and twin study cohort. In contrast to the hypothesis, no difference was found in women (β = -0.05 educational years, 95% CI -0.11, 0.02). However, men with a same-sex co-twin were slightly more educated than men having an opposite-sex co-twin (β = 0.14 educational years, 95% CI 0.07, 0.21). No consistent differences in effect sizes were found between individual twin study cohorts representing Europe, the USA, and Australia or over the cohorts born during the 20th century, during which period the sex differences in education reversed favoring women in the latest birth cohorts. Further, no interaction was found with maternal or paternal education. Our results contradict the hypothesis that there would be differences in the intrauterine testosterone levels between same-sex and opposite-sex female twins affecting education. Our findings in men may point to social dynamics within same-sex twin pairs that may benefit men in their educational careers.