References
1. Redaelli A., Lee J.M., Stephens J.M., Pashos C.L. Acute myeloid leukemia: Epidemiology and clinical burden. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2003;3(5):695–710. doi: 10.1586/14737140.3.5.695.
2. Sandler D.P., Ross J.A. Epidemiology of acute leukemia in children and adults. Semin Oncol. 1997;24(1):3–16.
3. Greenlee R.T., Hill-Harmon M.B., Murray T., Thun M. Cancer statistics 2001. CA Cancer J Clin. 2001;51:15–36. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.51.1.15.
4. Hernández J.A., Land K.J., McKenna R.W. Leukemia, myeloma, and other lymphoreticular neoplasms. Cancer. 1995;75:381. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<381::AID-CNCR2820751320>3.0.CO;2-B.
5. Wingo P.A., Tong T., Bolden S. Cancer statistics 1995. CA Cancer J Clin. 1995;45:8. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.45.1.8.
6. Ries L.A.G., Eisner M.P., Kosary C.L., Hankey B.F., Miller B.A., Clegg L., Mariotto A., Fay M.P., Feuer E.J., Edwards B.K., editors. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2004. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.; 2004.
7. Jemal A., Thomas A., Murray T., Thun M. Cancer statistics 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002;52:23–47. doi: 10.3322/canjclin.52.1.23.
8. Ries LAG, Miller BA, Hankey BF, et al. (eds) (1994) SEER cancer statistics review, 1972–1991: Tables and graphs, National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 94-2789. Bethesda, MD
9. Aquino V.M. Acute myelogenous leukemia. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2002;32(2):50–58. doi: 10.1067/mps.2002.121791.
10. Gurney J.G., Severson R.K., Davis S., et al. Incidence of cancer in children in the USA. Sex-, race-, and 1-year age-specific rates by histologic type. Cancer. 1995;75:2186–2195. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950415)75:8<2186::AID-CNCR2820750825>3.0.CO;2-F.
11. Forman D., Stockton D., Moller H., Quinn M., Babb P., De Angelis R., Micheli A. Cancer prevalence in the UK: Results from the EUROPREVAL study. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:648–654. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdg169.
12. Sekeres M.A., Stone R.M. The challenge of acute myeloid leukemia in older patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 2002;14(1):24–30. doi: 10.1097/00001622-200201000-00005.
13. Head D.R. Revised classification of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 1996;10:1826–1831.
14. Xie Y., Davies S.M., Xiang Y., Robinson L.L., Ross J.A. Trends in leukemia incidence and survival in the United States (1973–1998) Cancer. 2003;97(9):2229–2235. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11316.
15. Gurney J.G., Severson R.K., Davis S., et al. Incidence of cancer in children in the United States. Sex-, race-, and 1-year age-specific rates by histologic type. Cancer. 1995;75:2186–2195. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950415)75:8<2186::AID-CNCR2820750825>3.0.CO;2-F.
16. Lowenberg B., Zittoun R., Kerkhofs H., et al. on the value of intensive remission-induction chemotherapy in elderly patients of 65+ years with acute myeloid leukemia: A randomized phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1268–1274. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1989.7.9.1268.
17. Pulsoni A., Pagano L., Latagliata R., et al. Acute myelogenous leukemia in elderly patients: Survival of a large population irrespectively of treatment protocol enrollment, role of aggressive versus non-aggressive treatment. A retrospective survival analysis on 1005 patients. Haematologica. 2004;89(3):434–440.
18. Estey E. How I treat older patients with AML. Blood. 2000;96:1670–1673.
19. Deschler B., de Witte T., Mertelsmann R., Lübbert M. Treatment decision-making for older patients with high-risk MDS and AML: Problems and approaches Haematologica. 2006;91(11):1515–1524.
20. Wingo P.A., Cardinez C.J., Landis S.H., Greenlee R.T., Ries L.A., Anderson R.N., Thun M.J. Long-term trends in cancer mortality in the United States, 1930–1998. Cancer. 2003;97(12 Suppl):3133–3275. doi: 10.1002/cncr.11380.
21. Levi F., Lucchini F., Negri E., La Vecchia C. Cancer mortality in the European Union, 1988-1997: The fall may approach 80000 deaths a year. Int J Cancer. 2002;98(4):636–637. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10235.
22. American Cancer Society (2003) Cancer Facts & Figures 2003. www.cancer.org
23. Groves F.D., Linet M.S., Devesa S.S. Patterns of occurence of leukaemias. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A:941–949. doi: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00024-0.
24. Wahlin A., Hörnnsten P., Jonsson H. Remission rate and survival in acute myeloid leukemia: Impact of selection and chemotherapy. Eur J Haematol. 1991;46:240–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1991.tb00547.x.
25. Mengis C., Aebi S., Tobler A., Dähler W., Fey M. Assessment of differences in patient populations selected for or excluded from participation in clinical phase III acute myelogenous leukemia trials. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3933–3939. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.03.186.
26. Dillmann R.O., Davis R.B., Green M.R., et al. A comparative study of two different doses of cytarabine for acute myeloid leukemia: A phase III trial of Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood. 1991;78:2520–2526.
27. Yates J., Gildewell O., Wienik P., et al. Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: A CALGB study. Blood. 1982;60:454.
28. Rai K.R., Holland J.F., Glidewell O.J., et al. Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia: A study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood. 1981;58:1203.
29. Hiddemann W., Kern W., Schoch C., Fonatsch C., Heinecke A., Wörmann B., Büchner T. Management of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3569–3576. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.11.3569.
30. Löwenberg B., van Putten W., Theobald M., Gmür J., Verdonck L., Sonneveld P., Fey M., Schouten H., de Greef G., Ferrant A., et al. Effect of priming with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the outcome of chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(8):743–752. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa025406.
31. Keating A., Baker M.A. Effect of exclusion criteria on interpretation of clinical outcome in AML. In: Gale R.P., editor. Acute myelogenous leukemia: Progress and controversies. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1990. p. 235.
32. Leung W., Hudson M.M., Strickland D.K., Phipps S., Srivastava D.K., Ribeiro R.C., Rubnitz J.E., Sandlund J.T., Kun L.E., Bowman L.C., et al. Late effects of treatment in survivors of childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3273–3279. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.18.3273.
33. Estey E., deLima M., Strom S., Pierce S., Freireich E.J., Keating M.J. Long-term follow-up of patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia treated at the University of Texas M.D. Cancer. 1997;80(11):2176–2180. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19971201)80:11+<2176::AID-CNCR2>3.0.CO;2-G.
34. Sandler D.P., Collman G.W. Cytogenetic and environmental factors in the etiology of the acute leukemias in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;126:1017–1032. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114741.
35. Reynolds P., Von Behren J., Elkin E.P. Birth characteristics and leukemia in young children. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(7):603–613. doi: 10.1093/aje/155.7.603.
36. Pogoda J.M., Preston-Martin S., Nichols P.W., Ross R.K. Smoking and risk of acute myeloid leukemia: Results from a Los Angeles County case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(6):546–553. doi: 10.1093/aje/155.6.546.
37. Pui C.H. Childhood leukemias. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1618–1630. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199506153322407.
38. Crane M.M., Stom S.S., Halabi S., et al. Correlation between selected environmental exposures and karyotype in acute myelocytic leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Preven. 1996;5(8):639–644.
39. Fong C.T., Brodeur G.M. Down’s syndrome and leukemia: Epidemiology, genetics, cytogenetics and mechanisms of leukemogenesis. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1987;28(1):55–76. doi: 10.1016/0165-4608(87)90354-2.
40. Bhatia S., Neglia J.P. Epidemiology of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1995;17(2):94–100. doi: 10.1097/00043426-199505000-00002.
41. Pötzsch C., Voigtlander T., Lübbert M. p53 Germline mutation in a patient with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and three metachronous malignancies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2002;128(8):456–460. doi: 10.1007/s00432-002-0360-3.
42. Douer D., Preston-Martin S., Chang E., Nichols P.W., Watkins K.J., Levin A.M. High frequency of acute promyelocytic leukemia among latinos with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1996;87(1):308–313.
43. Estey E., Thall P., Kantarjian H., Pierce S., Kornblau S., Keating M. Association between increased body mass index and a diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 1997;11(10):1661–1664. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2400783.
44. Douer D. The epidemiology of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003;16(3):357–367. doi: 10.1016/S1521-6926(03)00065-3.
45. Douer D., Santimillana S., Ramezani L., Samanez C., Slovak M.L., Lee M.S., Watkins K., Williams T., Vallejos C. Acute promyelocytic leukemia in patients originating in Latin America is associated with an increased frequency of the bcr1 subtype of the PML/RARa fusion gene. Br J Haematol. 2003;122:563–570. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04480.x.
46. Heim S., Mitelman F. Cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer. 1992;70:1701–1709. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:4+<1701::AID-CNCR2820701609>3.0.CO;2-S.
47. Moorman A.V., Roman E., Willett E.V., Dovey G.J., Cartwright R.A., Morgan G.J. Karyotype and age in acute myeloid leukemia. Are they linked? Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2001;126(2):155–161. doi: 10.1016/S0165-4608(00)00414-3.
48. Bloomfield C.D., Lawrence C., Byrd J.C., et al. Frequency of prolonged remission duration after high-dose cytarabine intensification in acute myeloid leukemia varies by cytogenetic subtype. Cancer Res. 1998;58:4173–4179.
49. Grimwade D., Walker H., Oliver F., et al. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: Analysis of 1612 patients entered into MCR AML 10 trial. Blood. 1998;92:2322–2333.
50. Sanderson RN, Johnson PR, Maguire C, Moorman AV, Roman E, Willett E, Bown N, Taylor P, Proctor SJ, Bowen DT (2003) Population-based study of unselected acute myeloid leukemia cases reveals distinct cytogenetic pathways analogous to therapy-related AML/MDS. Blood 102(11)
51. Mauritzson N., Johansson B., Albin N., Billström R., et al. A single-center population-based consecutive series of 1500 cytogenetically investigated adult hematological malignancies: Karyotypic features in relation to morphology, age and gender. Eur J Haematol. 1999;62:95–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1999.tb01728.x.
52. Rossi G., Pelizzari A.M., Bellotti D., Tonelli M., Barlati S. Cytogenetic analogy between myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia of elderly patients. Leukemia. 2000;14(4):636–641. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401711.
53. Keating M.J., Smith T.L., Kantarjian H., et al. Cytogenetic pattern in acute myelogenous leukemia: A major reproducible determinant of outcome. Leukemia. 1988;2:403.
54. Schiffer C.A., Lee E.J., Tomiyasu T., Wiernik P.H., Testa J.R. Prognostic impact of cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with de novo acute nonlymphcytic leukemia. Blood. 1989;73:263.
55. Ferrant A., Lapopin M., Frassoni F., et al. Karyotype in acute myeloblastic leukemia: Prognostic significance for bone marrow transplantation in first remission: A European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Study. Blood. 1997;76:2931.
56. Cheson B.D., Bennett J.M., Kopecky K.J., Büchner T., Willman C.L., Estey E.H., Schiffer C.A., Doehner H., Tallman M.S., Lister T.A., et al. Revised recommendations of the international working group for diagnosis, standardization of response criteria, treatment outcomes, and reporting standards for therapeutic trials in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4642–4649. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.036.
57. Grimwade, Walker H., Harrison G., Oliver F., Chatters S., Harrison C.J., Wheatley K., Burnett A.K., Goldstone A.H., Medical Research Council Adult Leukemia Working Party The predictive value of hierarchical cytogenetic classification in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Analysis of 1065 patients entered into the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML11 trial. Blood. 2001;98(5):1312–1320. doi: 10.1182/blood.V98.5.1312.
58. Gilliland D.G., Griffin J.D. The role of FLT3 in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Blood. 1999;100(5):1532–1542. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0492.
59. Bowen D., Frew M.E., Rollinson S., Roddam P.L., Dring A., Smith M.T., Langabeer S.E., Morgan G.J. CYP1A1*2B (Val) allele is overrepresented in a subgroup of acute myeloid leukemia patients with poor-risk karyotype associated with NRAS mutation, but nor associated with FLT3 internal tandem duplication. Blood. 2003;101(7):2770–2774. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0228.
60. Larson R.A., Weng Y., Banerjee M., Wiemels J., Hartford C., Le Beau M.M., Smith M.T. Prevalence of inactivating 609C→T polymorphism in the NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) gene in patients with primary and therapy-related myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1999;94(2):803–807.
61. Smith M.T., Wang Y., Kane E., Rollinson S., Wiemels J.L., Roman E., Roddam P., Cartwright R., Morgan G. Low NAD(P)H.quinone oxidoreductase 1 activity is associated with increased risk of acute leukemia in adults. Blood. 2001;91(5):1422–1426. doi: 10.1182/blood.V97.5.1422.
62. Preston D.L., Kusumi S., Tomonaga M., et al. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950–1987. Radiat Res. 1994;137(2 Suppl):68–97. doi: 10.2307/3578893.
63. Kossman S.E., Weiss M.A. Acute myelogenous leukemia after exposure to strontium-89 for the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer. 2000;88(3):620–624. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<620::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-#.
64. Le Beau M.M., Albain K.S., Larson R.A., et al. Clinical and cytogenetic correlations in 63 patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: Further evidence for characteristic abnormalities of chromosomes no. 5 and 7. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(3):325–345. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.3.325.
65. Pui C.H., Ribeiro R.C., Hancock M.L., et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(24):1682–1687. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199112123252402.
66. De Sactis V., Mazzucconi M.G., Spadea A., Mancini A.M., Bizzoni L., Peraino M., Mandelli Long-term evaluation of 164 patients with essential thrombocythaemia treated with pipobroman: Occurence of leukaemic evolution. Br J Haematol. 2003;123:517–521. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04542.x.
67. Savitz D.A., Andrews K.W. Review of epidemiology evidence on benzene and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. Am J Int Med. 1997;31:287. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199703)31:3<287::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-V.
68. Flodin U., Anderson L., Anjou C.G., et al. A case-referral study on acute myeloid leukemia, background radiation and exposure to solvents and other agents. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1981;7:169. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3109.
69. Pogoda J.M., Preston-Martin S., Nichols P.W., Ross R.K. Smoking and risk of acute myeloid leukemia: Results from a Los Angeles County case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(6):546–553. doi: 10.1093/aje/155.6.546.
70. Ben-David Y., Bernstein A. Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia and the multistage nature of cancer. Cell. 1991;66:831. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90428-2.
71. Kerr J.R., Barah F., Cunniffe V.S., Smith J., Vallely P.J., Will A.M., Wynn R.F., Stevens R.F., Taylor G.M., Cleator G.M., et al. Association of acute parvovirus B19 infection with new onset of acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemia. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56(11):873–875. doi: 10.1136/jcp.56.11.873.
72. Gajewski J.L., Ho W.G., Nimer S.D., et al. Efficacy of intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia associated with preleukemic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1637. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1989.7.11.1637.
73. Neugut A.I., Robinson E., Nieves J., Murray T., Tsai W.Y. Poor survival of treatment-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. JAMA. 1990;264:1006. doi: 10.1001/jama.264.8.1006.
74. Kantarjian H.M., Keating M.J. Therapy-related leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Semin Oncol. 1987;14:435.
75. Arseneau J.C., Sponzo R.W., Levin D.L., et al. Nonlymphomatous malignant tumors complicating Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1972;287:1119. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197211302872204.
76. Pui C.H., Behm F.G., Raimondi S.C., et al. Secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children treated for acute lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:136. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198907203210302.
77. van Leeuwen F.E. Risk of acute myelogenous leukaemia and myelodysplasia following cancer treatment. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1996;9(1):57–85. doi: 10.1016/S0950-3536(96)80037-0.
78. Gojo I., Karp J.E. The impact of biology on the treatment of secondary AML. Cancer Treat Res. 2001;108:231–255. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1463-3_12.
79. Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Philip P., Larsen S.O., et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia: Cytogenetic characteristics of 115 consecutive cases and risk in seven cohorts of patients treated intensively for malignant diseases in the Copenhagen series. Leukemia. 1993;7:1975–1986.
80. Lowenberg B., Downing J.R., Burnett A. Acute myeloid leukemia. New Engl J Med. 1999;341:1951–1962. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909303411407.
81. Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Andersen M.K., Christiansen D.H., Nerlov C. Genetic pathways in therapy-related myelodysplasias and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2002;99(6):1909–1912. doi: 10.1182/blood.V99.6.1909.
82. Le Beau M.M., Albain K.S., Larson R.A., et al. Clinical and cytogenetic correlations in 63 patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: Further evidence for characteristic abnormalities of chromosomes no. 5 and 7. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:325–345. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.3.325.
83. Johansson B., Mertens F., Heim S., et al. Cytogenetics of secondary myelodysplasia (sMDS) and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (sANLL) Eur J Haematol. 1991;47:17–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1991.tb00556.x.
84. Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Pedersen M., Roulston D., et al. Different genetic pathways in leukemogenesis for patients presenting with therapy-related myelodysplasia and therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1995;86:3542–3552.
85. Odero M.D., Carlson K.M., Calasanz M.J., Rowley J.D. Further characterization of complex chromosomal rearrangements in myeloid malignancies: Spectral karyotyping adds precision in defining abnormalities associated with poor prognosis. Leukemia. 2001;15:1133–1145. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402158.
86. Quesnel B., Katarjian H., Pedersen-Bjergaard J., et al. Therapyrelated acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21): inv(16): and t(8;16): A report on 25 cases and review of the literature. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:2370–2379. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.12.2370.
87. Carli P.M., Sgro C., Parchin-Geneste N., et al. Increase therapyrelated leukemia secondary to breast cancer. Leukemia. 2000;14:1014–1017. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401787.
88. Andersen M.K., Johansson B., Larsen S.O., Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Chromosomal abnormalities in secondary MDS and AML. Relationship to drugs and radiation with specific emphasis on the balanced rearrangements. Haematologica. 1998;83:483–488.
89. Ahuja H.G., Felix C.A., Aplan P.D. The t(11;20)(p15q11) chromosomal translocation associated with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome results in an NUP)(-TOP1 fusion. Blood. 1999;94:741–747.
90. Pedersen-Bjergaard J., Andersen M.K., Christiansen D.H., Nerlov C. Genetic pathways in therapy-related myelodysplasias and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2002;99(6):1909–1912. doi: 10.1182/blood.V99.6.1909.
91. Christiansen D.H., Andersen M.K., Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Methylation of p15INK4B is common, is associated with deletion of genes on chromosome arm 7q and predicts a poor prognosis in therapy-related myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2003;17(9):1813–1819. doi: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403054.
92. Parkin D.M., Whelan S.L., Ferlay J., Raymond L., Young J., editors. Cancer incidence in five continents. Lyon: IARC; 1997.
93. Taylor P.R., Reid M.M., Stark A.N., Bown N., Hamilton P.J., Proctor S.J. De novo acute myeloid leukaemia in patients over 55-years-old: A population-based study of incidence, treatment and outcome. Leukemia. 1995;9(2):231–237.
94. Deschler B., Lübbert M. Acute myeloid leukaemia: Epidemiology and etiology. Cancer. 2006;107(9):2099–2107. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22233.