Advancing mechanobiology from single molecules to complex cellular systems.

Cells operate as networks of proteins, membranes, condensates and compartments, each sensing and displaying distinct intracellular mechanical properties. However, cells also sense, adapt and respond to manifold mechanical properties of the environment, including adhesion, tension, stiffness, shear, viscoelasticity, plasticity, pressure and confinement. By gauging these properties at various timescales and across nano to macro length scales, cellular systems alter their collective responses. The field of mechanobiology aims to elucidate how cellular systems such as tissues, organoids or organs perceive, respond to and influence mechanical cues, and how these impact physiological processes including homeostasis, growth, division, differentiation, movement, development, adaptation and apoptosis. This Perspective highlights challenges within mechanobiology that must be systematically tackled to advance exploration and deepen our understanding of the mechanical attributes of intricate multicellular organisms. Such understanding necessitates the engineering of multicellular models as reference systems, the development of new tools to rigorously quantify and manipulate mechanical properties from the nanoscale to macroscale and theoretical frameworks to decode mechanobiological complexities. Ultimately, addressing these challenges will improve the analysis, monitoring and prediction of mechanobiological processes across molecular, multicellular and organismal scales, thus advancing mechanodiagnostics and mechanomedicine.