Real-world experience with foslevodopa/foscarbidopa in Germany: therapeutic insights and lessons learned.

Patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) often need to continue with device-aided therapies (DAT), such as intestinal and subcutaneous infusion therapies. Recently, continuous subcutaneous administration of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa (LDp/CDp) has emerged as a new therapeutic method. Two years after its approval in Germany, a large amount of real-world experience has been collected. Based on this, we present important practical recommendations to help clinicians optimise treatment. Key topics include identifying suitable patients, approaches to initiation and dose determination as well as strategies for balancing LDp/CDp with concomitant oral dopaminergic therapies. Practical challenges, particularly infusion site reactions and neuropsychiatric vulnerability in older or cognitively impaired patients, are discussed, and recommendations are presented on how to prevent and manage these adverse effects during routine management. The review also addresses reasons for discontinuation, organisational factors relevant to real-world implementation and future directions in pump technology. Overall, LDp/CDp is effective in managing motor fluctuations and provides sustained benefits with an overall favourable tolerability profile. Dermatological reactions are common but manageable, and careful adjustment of oral medication rather than rapid pursuit of monotherapy is advisable. The rate of early discontinuation has decreased with growing clinical experience.