Supersymmetry engineering and theoretical analysis in VCSELs.

In this study, we demonstrate that the notions from supersymmetry (SUSY) can be elegantly extended to VCSELs through simple structural modifications, successfully addressing the fundamental trade-off between single-mode stability and oxide aperture size. We report an asymmetric coupled-cavity VCSEL design where simple patterning of the p-type confinement layer above the quantum wells creates three fiber-like pillar waveguide cavities. Combined with oxide apertures, this forms a central gain cavity flanked by two loss cavities. Through co-optimization of refractive indices and dimensional parameters in the asymmetric coupled cavities, we successfully implemented non-destructive supersymmetry in VCSELs. Our results expand the application domain of supersymmetry theory and provide what we believe to be a new approach for developing high-power single-mode VCSELs.