Improvements in walking speed reduce mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease during exercise-based secondary prevention: findings from the ITER registry.

AIMS: To investigate associations between walking speed (WS) and mortality among patients with stable cardiovascular disease (CVD). Additionally, it sought to analyse the impact of a long-term exercise intervention on physical function by analysing the relationship between changes in WS and mortality over a decade of observation.

METHODS AND RESULTS: Of the 3328 patients included in the ITER registry (NCT05817305) between 1997 and 2023, 2858 (aged 65 ± 11 years) were analysed. Walking speed was measured using the 1-km treadmill walking test (1k-TWT). Patients were initially categorized into tertiles based on baseline WS and subsequently divided into six categories by associating baseline WS with changes over time. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between WS, all-cause and disease-specific mortality, adjusting for demographic and clinical confounders. A total of 1031 patients died over a median follow-up of 11 years. Higher baseline WS was inversely associated with mortality with magnitudes ranging from 23% (95% CI: 0.56, 1.06) lower risk for cancer to 58% (95% CI: 0.32, 0.54) lower risk for CVD. A similar trend resulted in WS improvements over time, particularly among the LowWS-improved group, with a 38% (95% CI: 0.52, 0.74) lower risk for all-cause mortality, which was comparable to the HighWS-decreased patients.

CONCLUSION: The 1k-TWT is an effective predictor of mortality among CVD patients and a valuable educational tool for exercise-based interventions in secondary prevention. These findings highlight the efficacy of exercise-based programs to improve physical function and reduce mortality, underscoring the importance of promoting exercise as part of long-term CVD management.