Photooxidative damage to lysosomes of cultured macrophages by acridine orange.

Cultured cells accumulate acridine orange (AO), which is a weak basic dye and a photosensitizer, in lysosomes and other acidic compartments. During exposure to blue light, AO-loaded macrophages show decreasing red granular fluorescence and increasing green diffuse fluorescence. This is hypothesized to represent peroxidative damage to lysosomal membranes resulting in an impaired proton gradient with deprotonation of the AO to its uncharged form and subsequent leakage of the dye. Further damage to the lysosomal membranes will result in release of lytic enzymes from the lysosomal compartment into the cytosol, leading to degeneration and finally cell death. The survival of AO-loaded and light-exposed macrophages is controllable by varying the exposure times to blue light. Inhibition of lysosomal proteases by E-64 results in increased cell survival after AO and blue light-mediated damage, indicating a role of proteolytic enzymes in this type of damage. Morphological analysis shows 'rounding up' with formation of retraction fibrils and pronounced plasma membrane blebbing. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is an early and pronounced event. After protease inhibition, however, all these phenomena are inhibitable to a considerable degree. We have thus directed photooxidative damage selectively to lysosomal membranes and their contents. This technique will allow further detailed studies of the role of lysosomes in degeneration-regeneration processes.