Physical Therapy for Addiction.

Physical therapy has the evidence-based scientific knowledge to address a wide range of physical and psychological problems of addiction. Neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) methods like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), as well as near-infrared light therapy, are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of addiction. Here, the efficacy of these different neuromodulation techniques in addiction, such as tDCS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and deep brain stimulation, is critically evaluated. Other physical therapy methods, including biofeedback, physical activity, and acupuncture, are also presented.